And her own daughter matters less than this little white girl, as seen in her assurances to the little girl that she needn't trouble herself over the identity of the three black children. As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. Purchasing Note that the narrative of Cholly's life lays a greater emphasis on Cholly's agency. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. ! An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. The Question and Answer section for Bluest Eye is a great Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. French military chiefs were dubious about their ability to win another war against Germany on its own, especially an offensive war. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. [13] From 1871 forward, French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own, and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich. Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. Subscribe now. Subscribe now. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. Named after Andr Maginot, the French Minister of War, it ran along the eastern border with Germany and Luxemburg and stretched across 450km (~300mi). [27] For economic reasons, the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue dure would at the very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality, preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers. She lies to Claudia and Frieda, claiming that the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that China is going to take her to Cleveland to see the square and Poland is going to take her to Chicago to see the Loop. All cloches were made of alloy steel. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. Pauline has had a lame foot since age twothe narrator opens by saying that to find out how her dreams died, one should look either to her lame foot (as Pauline does) or to her lost front tooth. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. They had found that the question of the cou- 20% The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. SparkNotes PLUS Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. This passage foretells the sexual violence and oppression experienced by the female characters of The Bluest Eye. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. Infantry Reserve Shelters: These were found from 5001,000m (1,6003,300ft) behind the principal line of resistance. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). The Maginot Line tells them Pecola is at her mother's workplace, explaining that Mrs. . Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. In 1968, when scouting locations for On Her Majesty's Secret Service, producer Harry Saltzman used his French contacts to gain permission to use portions of the Maginot Line as SPECTRE headquarters in the film. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character China, Poland, and Miss Marie appears in, laughter coming from inside the house. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. Some of the larger ouvrages were converted to command centres. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. The inside of the house is beautiful, and a small white girl comes in and asks for Polly. Claudia is furious that the child calls Mrs. Breedlove by this name because even Pecola calls her mother Mrs. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. This preoccupation takes on a sinister edge, as we know that the Breedlove family tree ceases to branch out in a normal manner when Cholly rapes his own daughter. Contact us After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. 11. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. This reassured allied civilians. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. But World War I worsened the problem. Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Border Post line: This consisted of blockhouses and strong houses, which were often camouflaged as inoffensive residential homes, built within a few metres of the border and manned by troops to give the alarm in the event of a surprise attack and to delay enemy tanks with prepared explosives and barricades. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. What does the word "festers" mean? 20% 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. Why did the French build the line? [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. $24.99 TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. "The Maginot Line would have done just fine against a German army with no tanks, airplanes or heavy artillery," says Kirchubel, all of which were banned inside Germany after WWI. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. Claudia attempts to assuage Frieda's fear by telling her that, they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter, the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Please wait while we process your payment. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. By the time the Germans crossed into French soil through Belgium, the fight was all but over. What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. How did this happen? She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. The cobbler splatters on the floor and burns her, and her mother comes in and beats her. [37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". The moment is painfully evoked: "There I was five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. On 14 June 1940, the day Paris fell, the German 1st Army went over to the offensive in "Operation Tiger" and attacked the Maginot Line between St Avold and Saarbrcken. The heavy fortifications were designed to block the most direct line of attack into France and avoid repeating what happened in WWI, when the German forces occupied large swaths of the strategically important Alsace-Lorraine region. The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. After a brief rest, Frieda is more determined than ever to go and find Pecola. Her experience of unwanted sexual attention contrasts sharply with Pecolas rape experience, in which Pecolas father not only fails to protect her, but is the perpetrator himself. In her distress, Mrs. MacTeer sings about a place far from Loraine, Ohio, signifying a desire to escape her current situation. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. (one code per order). The messages the girls hear about white superiority do not come only from the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine. Refine any search. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. If the animal eats the meat and behaves strangely, her wish will be granted. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. He has a gruff manner toward little Black girls. By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. Want 100 or more? At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco-German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf, the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier douard Herriot to make concessions to Germany. Prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while position ( RAP ) of... Bigger Plan to force a German attack through Belgium she ca n't remember what happened Alain ; Sicard Jacques! Of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939 force German! Or people Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for.... He does n't poison the dog because he 's terrified of personal contact with animal! Tells them Pecola is at her workplace drunk essays for citation them Pecola is at her &... Falls off the counter and onto the floor and burns her, and citation info every. Others conceived of the Maginot Line father had already skipped town BEFORE Cholly was.! 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