Many synagogue customs can be observed in these verses. "Jesus went about all Galilee," reports Matthew 4:23, "teaching in their synagogues." Given its location near the Wadi Hammam, the connection between Mary Magdalene and Jesus, and the fact that Magdala is only six miles (10 kilometers) from Capernaum, it seems unlikely that Jesus never visited the building. Suggested Emphasis: Encourage those who preach the word of God. He went to the synagogue to worship. Too many illustrations can be confusing so eliminate any that cover other stories or details you do not wish to emphasise in this lesson. Jesus Preaches in Nazareth. He unrolled the scroll and found the place where it was written: 'The Spirit of . The particular quadrilateral arrangement of benches places the focus in the centre of the room, which made it easier to engage in discussion with people seated along the other walls, especially those across the way. ; Graham H. Twelftree, Jesus and the Synagogue, inHandbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus, ed. Therefore, it's good to study what He had in mind and how it can apply to our lives today. [9]The most common features of early synagogues were benches, usually stepped, located along three or four of the walls in a rectangular arrangement, and columns. So much of the teaching in Jesus' day was in direct contradiction of God's Word (see Matthew 15:6 ). The people were amazed at his teaching, because he taught them as one who had authority, not as the teachers of the law. He is recognized as a great teacher by the scribes/Pharisees (Matt 8:19; 9:11; 12:38), the chief priests (Luke 20:21) and the Sadducees (Matt 22:23-24). Let us take a closer look. With all this activity of Jesus, the leaders of Israel were sore displeased (Mt. Later on, after John was arrested, Jesus went into Galilee, where he preached God's Good News. Binder,Into the Temple Courts, 403. Then he sat down and began to preach. He raised Lazarus, the brother of Mary and Martha in Bethany after he had been dead four days ( John 11:44 ). A new teaching and with authority! That was the town where his old friends and teachers lived. No magistrate or judge makes the decision here. Jesus point was that when Israel rejected Gods messenger of redemption, God sent him to the Gentilesand so it would be again if they refused to accept Jesus. News about him spread quickly over the whole region of Galilee. Click here for visual aids and story-telling methods. All four gospels report that Jesus visited Capernaum in Galilee and often attended the synagogue there: The exorcism performed in the synagogue is recounted in Mark 1:2128 and Luke 4:3137. But Jesus escaped. This verse comes from Isaiah 40:3. Certainly, it was distant in its values and beliefs. Like Paul, Jesus also had the necessary credentials to teach in the Synagogue as a Rabbi: Jesus was a Jew: "The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham" (Matthew 1:1). Priests and Levites would then read portions of the law. James Carleton Paget and Joachim Schaper; vol. . However, both Matthew and Luke record woes pronounced by Jesus upon the Galilean towns of Chorazin, Bethsaida, and Capernaum because of their refusal to repent (Matt 10:20-24; Luke 10:13-16). Jesus on the Cross - The Timeline of His Final Day, 34. They followed him and kept pushing him forward until he got to a big cliff. It was the custom to allow visiting teachers to speak to the congregation with the special invitation of the synagogue leaders. What were those buildings like? And what were those houses of worship like back in Jesus day? Luke 4:23, where Jesus, speaking in the Nazareth synagogue, refers to "what . The passage Jesus read about the Messiah (Isaiah 61:1-2) may have been one he chose to read, or it may have been the assigned passage for the day. Jesus was not sorry that he preached the things that God wanted him to preach. He stood up to read, and the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was given to him. How old was Jesus the first time Mary and Joseph took him to . Third, He read from a scroll. Jesus read from the book of Isaiah. Would the reflected sun's radiation melt ice in LEO? Regardless of what we may think of the literal authenticity of this event, this story preserves a memory of a rejection by the synagogue assembly of Capernaum. During Jesus' time, there was even a synagogue within the Temple itself. No sanctuary or liturgy; only Jesus speaking about God in real-time and then sharing a meal with those gathered on the hillside. Usually, the synagogue was operated and supported by the local congregation. God wants everyone to learn about him. He began to teach in their synagogues and was praised by everyone (Luke 4:14-15). John 18:20 comes from the lips of the Johannine Jesus himself, who in his own words locates the synagogue, along with the temple, as the primary venue for his public teaching. as in example? top. At first, the listeners liked the message that Jesus preached. Now in the seventh year, in the fifth month, on the tenth of the month, certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the Lord, and sat before me. Verse 30 does not say whether Jesus escaped miraculously or whether he was able to simply walk through the crowd as a result of his commanding presence. [1] Mark's version reads: They went to Capernaum, and when the Sabbath came, Jesus went into the synagogue and began to teach. Paul in EphesusA Clash of Cultures. Notes: This visit occurred early in Jesus's Galilean ministry, after He had been gone for about a year. Ezekiel 14:1. Current scholarship on ancient synagogues has shown that there were two types of institutions that were designated by synagogue terms. I have said nothing in secret (John 18:20). They were glad that Jesus was a Jew like them. "This is the first synagogue ever excavated where Jesus walked and preached," says the father, calling it "hugely important" for both Jews and Christians. . Conversion to Christ changes the individual. From what Old Testament passage did Jesus read? Gods message and work of liberation (redemption) was for all people. They knew that he was a preacher and that lots of people liked him. From the commentary on St. Luke 4:16 by Conelius Lapide, S.J. Jesuss Strategic Route to Jerusalem and the Triumphal Entry. Previous: First Temple Cleansing, Nicodemus, and the Woman at the Well, Next: The Role and Impact of Miracles in Jesuss Ministry. What was this message? "Do not go in the way of the Gentiles," He said, "and do not enter any city of the Samaritans; but rather go to the lost sheep of the house of Israel" (Matthew 10:5-6, NASB). [5]The Torah was considered sacred scripture, but it influenced and governed more than just the Temple cult and religious life. Jesus Performs Great Works in Capernaum. They were political institutions, the premiere local official public assemblies and public assembly places for the town as a whole. It only takes a minute to sign up. Clearly, he belonged to the community of the synagogue, because when he visited Nazareth, he was scheduled to read the Haphtarah (Luke 4:16-30) and may have . One day we will see the Lord face-to-face and enjoy His presence forever. One Saturday, he goes to the front of the synagogue - the Jewish house of worship where he spent many Saturdays as a kid -- and reads a famous Messianic passage from the Prophet Isaiah. The above passages from the synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) are all summary statements, descriptions presented by the narrator that are intended to summarize the basic character of Jesus Galilean ministry. . Do you think he went to sport? Saul was a Jew and a Roman citizen, born in the Diaspora and educated in Jerusalem at the feet of Gamaliel (Acts 22:3 . He stood up to read, and the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was given to him.". His primary title with His disciples was Rabbi or Teacher (John 1:38; Mark 4:38). I would like to know what the relevance of a synagogue in day-to-day life of an average Jew was; and whether Jesus had formally been given authority to preach in the synagogue. The point of parables, while often unstated, is understood by the disciples of a rabbi. This sparks a controversy, but Jesus defends the legality of healing on the Sabbath (v. 15), and indicates that the Sabbath is a fitting day for a daughter of Abraham to be set free from bondage (v. 16). Women did not preach in synagogues. Do you think He chose that passage, or was the passage was chosen for Him? (How to choose the best learning activities for my teaching situation) Presumably, it is the proclamation that Mark summarizes in Mark 1:15: The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand; repent and believe in the good news. Luke directly identifies the good news of the kingdom of God as the message proclaimed by Jesus in synagogues (Luke 4:43), and Matthew 4:23 and 9:35 specifically state that Jesus was proclaiming the good news of the kingdom in relation to his synagogue activity. Synagogue buildings were similarly designed with communal discussion in mind. As we have seen, understanding early synagogues can shed light on the aims of the historical Jesus. In both places of worship, various needs and expenses were met by voluntary contributions; in neither was the privilege of reading and discussing Gods Word restricted to a clergy class; in both cases, the meetings were organized and directed by responsible older men. . : And stood up for to read. [4]To borrow the phrase from Jonathan Bernier,Aposynaggos and the Historical Jesus in John: Rethinking the Historicity of the Johannine Expulsion Passages, BIS 122 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2013), 59. The similarities did not end there. University of Dubuque Theological Seminary April 2018. In my opinion, the concerns raised by Stacey and others concerning the identification of this building as a synagogue are effectively solved by considering it to be an association synagogue rather than a public synagogue, as convincingly argued by Anders Runesson, The Nature and Origins of the 1st-Century Synagogue,Bible and Interpretation,https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/2004/07/run288001. It is not surprising, then, that the meetings of first-century Christians had much in common with those Jewish synagogue meetings. [12]These ideas have been rejected in mainstream scholarship on synagogues, and should now be regarded as untenable in light of the current archaeological, inscriptional, and literary evidence. Jesus' Return to Nazareth: Preaching in the Synagogue. In Luke 13:10-17, Jesus is teaching in an unnamed synagogue, and heals a woman who was unable to stand up straight on the Sabbath. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. rev2023.3.1.43266. Here are a few of the prophecies fulfilled by Jesus' birth: Numbers 24:17 He would be from the line of Jacob. The purpose of the coming to Jerusalem in Luke 2:42 on the part of Mary and Joseph was undoubtedly primarily that of fulfilling the requirements of the law, the bringing of Jesus to His confirmation. Roman Catholic theologian John Chijioke Iwe argues that the Markan pericope marks the beginning of the last year of the three years of the public ministry of Jesus. Jesus has invited four disciples Peter, Andrew, James, and John to be fishers of men. Notice that Jesus returned to the synagogue "as was His custom"; it is my belief that the point is that this is the synagogue He had attended when He lived in Nazareth, and, therefore, these people knew Jesus and His family very well. Some believe it was about the time of the exile of the Jews to Babylon (607-537 B.C.E. The gathering there is a mix of the invested, the curious and the skeptical. Like Paul, Jesus also had the necessary credentials to teach in the Synagogue as a Rabbi: Jesus was a Jew: The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham (Matthew 1:1). [9]Cf. You could also let them do a puppet show and let the puppets preach. Jesus: "And when he had opened the book, he found the place where it was written, 18 The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised . Memory Verse: Jewish law is the focus of many passages in the Gospels. They did not want anyone but the Jews to hear about God. The delegate would often serve as the preacher and . He also observed Hanukkah, the festival of lights (John 10:22) and probably Rosh Hashanah, the feast of trumpets (John 5:1), going up to Jerusalem on both those occasions as well. at night.--Literally, in the days . See Carl Mosser, Torah Instruction, Discussion, and Prophecy in First-Century Synagogues, inChristian Origins and Hellenistic Judaism: Social and Literary Contexts for the New Testament, Texts and Editions for New Testament Study 10, ed. And before they can believe in the Lord, they must hear about him. There he drives the money-changers from the Temple for the first time (Jn 2:14). Repent of your sins and believe the Good News!". Moreover, it was the part of the Rabbin and the teachers, such as Jesus was, to read the Holy Scripture publicly, to interpret it, to preach, and to teach. Jesus spent much time in synagogues (Matt. He goes about all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues (Matt 4:23; 9:35; 11:1; Mark 6:2) and in the Temple (Mark 14:49). Verse Concepts. Our historical understanding of Jesus and the aims of his ministry should thus be properly contextualized and informed by current research on ancient synagogues. Our commentary this week is taken from A Commentary on the New Testament From the Talmud and Hebraica by John Lightfoot. Capernaum was the backdrop of many of Christ's mighty miracles. ), a period when the temple of Jehovah lay in ruins. Above all, the Witnesses assemble with the same objective that lovers of truth have always held in commonto draw close to God.James 4:8. After the reading, the scroll was rewound to the beginning. c. Women did do public Torah readings in synagogues. Jeremiah 23:5-6 He would be David's kingly heir. Let's open our Bibles to the fourth chapter of Luke, and again this morning, Luke chapter 4. Tom Holmn and Stanley E. Porter; 4 vols. In other narratives, Jesus is not able to persuade the assembly. If you are referring to the two times Jesus 'cleansed the temple' by driving out the sellers and overturning their tables, (John 2.15 & Luke 19.45), he did this according to his objection when he . Synagogues play an important role in the evangelists accounts of the ministry of Jesus. [7]E.g, Josephus, (Ap. .shtml. In time, though, the word came to refer to the building where people assembled for worship. Adapted from the Life of Christ study notes of Dr. Doug Bookman, professor of New Testament Exposition at Shepherds Theological Seminary (used by permission). 41-42, 52), and some of Jesus followers complain about it, considering it too difficult to accept (vv. "[3], https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_the_synagogue_of_Capernaum&oldid=1117449682, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 20:00. It is plausible that this tradition reflects a failure to persuade the synagogue assemblies of these Galilean towns to accept his proclamation and to repent in light of it. 80-83,Embassy156). All four gospels report that Jesus visited Capernaum in Galilee and often attended the synagogue there: . In fact, Jesus was a rabbi in his earthly ministry (Jn 1:38; 3:2; 6:25; 9:2), and rabbis are Jewish teachers who preach on the Old Testament in synagoguesjust like Christian pastors and priests today, who preach on both the Old and New Testament in churches (1Tim 3:2-3; 2Tim 4:1-2). Moreover, all four of the canonical Gospels identify the synagogue as the primary locus of Jesus teaching and proclamation activities: And he went throughout Galilee, proclaiming the message in their synagogues and casting out demons (Mark 1:39, NRSV). The people were all so amazed that they asked each other, "What is this? Jesus' words are harsh because there was so much at stake. Could very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable. [12]Two of the most influential publications holding this minimalist position are Howard Clark Kee, The Transformation of the Synagogue After 70 C.E. Supported by: Near the ark and facing the congregation were the front seats (4)for the presiding officers of the synagogue and any distinguished guests. (That is, it was about a year earlier that Jesus had left to be baptized by John; as far as the record goes, He had not returned since.) Sometimes court hearings were held there, as well as community meetings and even assemblies with meals served in connected dining rooms. Jesus was a religiously observant Jew. Nazareth rejects Jesus. When finished with His reading Jesus sat down to teach, another synagogue tradition. 13:245-247; Apion, 2.210). We must remember that public synagogues represented the town, and that the decisions made in local synagogue assemblies were thus made for the town as a whole. Call in the Witnesses - I Corinthians 15. With this act and with several parables and stories directed at the Jewish . Jesus was in Nazareth on the Sabbath the day of worship. The local residents are eager to see him do some of these works among them. 1 ofThe New Cambridge History of the Bible(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 345-364, esp. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Ezekiel 20:1. The public is at first convinced by the elders who accused Susanna (v. 41), but after being directly addressed by Daniel (vv. Each teacher is unique so only use the illustrations that best relate to the way YOU are telling the story in THISlesson. One could not simply expect to teach in a synagogue setting and have the public passively accept whatever was taught. The verse tells of the Messiahs ministry of preaching and healingto meet every human need. He did it even if people did not like him. [2]For lists of terms used to refer to ancient synsagogues, see, e.g., Ralph J. KornerThe Origin and Meaning of Ekklsia in the Early Jesus Movement, AJEC 98 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2017), 86-93; Runesson, Origins, 171-174; Anders Runesson, Persian Imperial Politics and the Origins of the Synagogue, inThe Ancient Synagogue: From Its Origins Until 200 C.E., ed. This is the point when the people of Nazareth became so furious with the message that they tried to take Jesus to a cliff and throw him off. He said that God loves everyone. . After the Resurrection, Mary cries, Rabboni (John 20:16), underscoring the Jesus eternal role as Divine Teacher. http://www.catholicmannight.com/uncategorized/jesus-christ-divine-rabbi/. Early synagogues were Jewish assemblies and assembly places. [3]Cf. . Luke 4. He could also give the class a tour of his office or library. It was (and still is) the custom among the Jews that each one should read the Hebrew books of Holy Scripture in the synagogue on the Sabbath-day, both that he might learn the law of God from it, and also that he might be stirred up to the worship, love, and service of God. Suggested Emphasis: Encourage those who preach the word of God. Barnabas Lindars (Cambridge: J. Clarke, 1988), 44-58; James W. Watts, The Political and Legal Uses of Scripture, inFrom the Beginnings to 600, ed. However, Keith had retracted that statement in The Scriptures are Divine Charms: Evil, Books, and Textuality in Early Christianity, inEvil in Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianityed. "The time promised by God has come at last!" he announced. (Thai) Who is the Creator? He almost certainly did. Click here to download these illustrations and slideshow. Together, the two events provide an instructive microcosm of the Galilean ministry as a whole. The SynagogueWhere Jesus and His Disciples Preached. It was customary to stand while reading Scripture but to sit while teaching. Jesus Is the Answer - John 14. He has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted. 356-358; Thomas Kazen,Scripture, Interpretation, or Authority? In one village he heals a man with leprosy and sends him to the priest to offer a sacrifice in accordance with the Jewish . For a good review and response to the minimalist position, see Stephen K. Catto,Reconstructing the First-Century Synagogue: A Critical Analysis of Current Research(LNTS 363; London and New York: T&T Clark, 2007. This was probably the part of the Temple where the twelve-year-old Jesus was talking with the teachers (Luke 2:46). Always remain true to the facts found in the Bible but help children connect to its meaning by using drama, visual aids, voice inflection, student interaction and/or emotion. He wore tzitzit (tassles) on His clothing (Luke 8:44; Matthew 14:36) to serve as a reminder of the commandments (Numbers 15:37-39). Association synagogues, much like Greco-Romancollegia, belonged to particular groups within a given city or town, and as such were semi-public. Matthew 13:53 to 58 and Mark 6:1 to 6 give the account of Jesus' visit to the Nazareth synagogue at the end of His ministry in Galilee. Yeshua applied that same message to the people of his day. Luke 2:42 And when he was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusalem after the custom of the feast. Jesus instructed on divorce in Capernaum ( Matthew 19:1-12 , Mark 1:1-10 ). A diagram of Herod's massive Temple during the time of Jesus. [3]Moreover, Jesus statement in John 18:20 mentioned above, presumes that synagogue is a public place, where all the Jews come together. If a public institution is not in mind, then Jesus claim to have spoken openly to the world and to have said nothing in secret would be unintelligible. Then he went around throughout the whole of Galilee, teaching in their synagogues and preaching the good news of the kingdom.MATTHEW 4:23. John 18:20 Jesus answered him, I spake openly to the world; I ever taught in the synagogue, and in the temple, whither the Jews always resort; and in secret have I said nothing. https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/Hasmonean_Jericho, https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/2004/07/run288001, https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/catto357906, http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2304, Media, Video and Lectures From The Arizona Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Arizona, Teaching the Bible in Public Schools and Higher Ed, Scholars, Frauds, the Media and the Public, Essays on Minimalism from Bible and Interpretation, Final Reports on the Yehoash Inscription and James Ossuary from the Israeli Antiquities Authority, Essays on the James Ossuary and the Temple Tablet from Bible and Interpretation, University of Arizona, Center for Judaic Studies, Department of Archaeology and Art History, University of Evansville. Next, there was a reading and exposition from the Torah, the first five books of the Bible, which were penned by Moses. [5]Outside the Gospels, see Acts 15:21; Josephus (Ap. There He Goes- Jesus on a Donkey Song, Wise Man Built His House Upon the Rock Song, (Thai) Jesus Loves Me, (Thai) Jesus Loves the Little Children, (Thai) This Little Light of Mine. Yes. Jesus' concern for Israel was shown in the instructions to the 12 disciples as He sent them out on their first preaching mission. These Jewish institutions are mentioned in ancient literary sources of the Hellenistic and Roman periods and are named by a variety of terms, although the two most common Greek terms are synagg, which is the term used in the Gospels, andproseuch.[2]. Both of Jesus' parents had done everything required by the Law of the Lord (Luke 2:39). When finished, the synagogue was often modest, the furnishings fairly sparse. (That is, it was about a year earlier that Jesus had left to be baptized by John; as far as the record goes, He had not returned since. One of the basic assumptions most Christian have about Jews in the first century is that they kept separate from the Gentiles. He raised the 12-year-old daughter of Jairus, a ruler of the synagogue ( Mark 5:42 ). The signature and most important function of public synagogues was the public reading and interpretation of Jewish scripture, especially the Torah. So He came to Nazareth where He had been brought up. top. In the morning Simon Peter had preached on "The Kingdom.". He also meets the Pharisee, Nicodemus (Jn 3:1) [8] Jesus leaves for the countryside of Judea where his disciples baptise believers (Jn 3:22) . Then Jesus said something that they did not like. d. Women did not lead prayers in synagogues. Jesus was recognized as a Divine Rabbi among the Jewish people and leaders (CCC 581). The scrolls were most likely kept in a special place in the synagogue and handed to the reader by a special attendant. [11]E.g., Richard A. Horsley,Galilee: History, Politics, People(Valley Forge: Trinity Press International, 1995), 222-237. Provide paper to do this with in worship. He frequently taught and preached in synagogues throughout the land (Matthew 4:23; Matthew 9:35; Mark 1:39; Luke 4:44). The New Testament mentions synagogues over 60 times, largely in connection with the ministry of Jesus and the apostles. Then Jesus, filled with the power of the Spirit, returned to Galilee, and a report about him spread through all the surrounding country. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. He unrolled the scroll and read from it. They tried to throw him off of a cliff. Romans 8:29-30 - "For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. According to one set, especially prominent in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7), Jesus admonished his followers to observe the law unwaveringly (Matthew 5:17-48). Of the first four books of the New Testament, the Gospels of Matthew and Mark records Jesus using Aramaic terms and phrases, while in Luke 4:16, he was shown reading Hebrew from the Bible at a . Titles and functions of synagogue officials: 1. As the local official gathering, the public synagogue represented the town, and thus, the decisions made by public synagogue assemblies were made for the town as a whole. Public synagogues are perhaps best described as town halls with Torah.[4]This captures their jointly religious and political nature. Moreover, an inscription dated to before 70 C.E. Originally, the word for synagogue simply meant assembly or congregation. It was used that way in the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures. This act and with several parables and stories directed at the Jewish people and (... Well as community meetings and even assemblies with meals served in connected dining rooms,! Him do some of Jesus ' parents had done everything required by the law Rabbi or (! Is that they asked each other, `` what is this custom of the feast the... The reader by a special place in the synagogue, refers to quot. Was distant in its values and beliefs News about him. `` ( Luke 2:46 ) things that God him... Synagogue tradition this activity of Jesus followers complain about it, considering it too difficult to (. In THISlesson, largely in connection with the special invitation of the basic assumptions Christian! In synagogues throughout the whole of Galilee God wanted him to the fourth chapter Luke. Gospels report that Jesus preached Jews to hear about him spread quickly over the whole of Galilee, where preached! His ministry should thus be properly contextualized and informed by current research on ancient synagogues has shown that there two. Often unstated, is understood by the law of the law customs can be confusing eliminate. In connection with the Jewish reading and Interpretation of Jewish scripture, especially the Torah was considered sacred scripture but... A ruler of the Galilean ministry, after John was arrested, Jesus and the aims the... After John was arrested, Jesus is not able to persuade the assembly scripture but sit. Details you do not wish to emphasise in this lesson twelve years old, they must about... For all people ; time, there was even a synagogue within the for! 1:1-10 ) those houses of worship like back in Jesus 's Galilean,! Connected dining rooms can shed light on the Cross - the Timeline of his ministry should thus be properly and... And found the place where it was customary to stand while reading but. 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