Ilene Schwartz, PhDProfessor, Special EducationDirector, Haring Center for Research and Training in Inclusive EducationUniversity of Washington, /wp-content/uploads/module_media/env_media/audio/env_p01_is.mp3. Are there spaces or environments that make you feel creative? Expectations should be positively stated and developmentally appropriate, and should apply to both children and adults (teachers and families) (Steed & Pomerleau 2012). 2013. 2009. Baltimore, MD: Brookes. The song promotes unity, friendship, and love. Curtis, D. & Carter, M. (2014). Additionally, with thoughtful planning, electronic devices and various forms of technology can be a way to support or enhance creative exploration. Well-designed classroom* environments: (Chandler et al., 1999; Dooley, Wilczenski, & Torem, 2001; Martens, Eckert, Bradley, & Ardoin, 1999). Y Use developmentally appropriate child guidance and positive reinforcement strategies. Between birth and age three, a child goes through three distinct developmental stages: young infant, mobile infant, and toddler. Thus, it is important for teachers in urban settings to model and encourage empathy to foster a culturally responsive classroom environment. Voorhees, M.D., L.V. And you dont want to take apart. When it comes to children with developmental disabilities in your classroom, you may have to make adaptations or provide support that will enable these children to succeed. Use the document, Materials that Promote Creativity, to learn more about this study and for suggestions of preschool creative materials. 5152). Another culturally responsive strategy for supporting positive relationships is empathyconcern for others arising from an emotional connection. Ongoing self-reflection among teachers in the community is needed to support these practices. : Preventing and Reducing Childrens Challenging Behavior on the Playground, Building Environments That Encourage Positive Behavior: The Preschool Behavior Support Self-Assessment. Four ways to validate and affirm young studentsculturesin meaningful ways, which can boost their engagement and motivation. (2005). To put culturally responsive teaching into practice, follow the ideas below. Give all children access to materials that promote creative expression. Hemmeter. Minahan, L., Byrd, J., Dwyer, S., Romp, S., Viets, L., & Strekalova-Hughes, E. (2021). For young children, less is often more. It encourages and inspires children to be creative. She has published articles, presented at conferences, and served on state leadership teams focused on improving the social and emotional competence of young children. Is it the lighting? Maybe your kitchen or backyard, a coffee shop, or a craft store? Making Peace in Kindergarten: Social and Emotional Growth for All Learners. Young Children 71 (4): 5766. Early childhood classrooms are a primary setting for teaching skills that are critical for young childrens social and emotional development. Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Materials Our approach in The Creative Curriculum is designed to meet the needs of all learners, support the whole child, and provide culturally and linguistically responsive teaching materials. The All-White World of Childrens Books. Saturday Review (1): 6365. Gandini, L., Hill, L., Cadwell, L. B., & Schwall, C. S. (2015). Remember that families know their children best! Think of materials as a language for children (Weisman Topal, and Gandini, 1999). You are expanding their knowledge of English and exposing all students to multiple languages in a meaningful context. Diversity in Contemporary Picture Books: A Content Analysis. Journal of Childrens Literature 41 (1): 3242. The final culturally responsive strategy drawing from the pyramid model framework is using group time to resolve conflict. In the Reflecting on Materials that Spark Creativity activity, list or describe materials you provide that spark childrens creativity and jot down ideas about additional materials you can use. Boykin, A.W. An alert and sensitive teacher will not only be aware of . For example, a program that concentrates on improving childrens math skills is likely to emphasize the availability of materials related to numeracy, as well as to learning shapes and patterns. Teaching Young Children, 15(1). California Department of Education. 2009. As Mrs. Green approaches him, Miles folds his arms across his chest, then kicks his legs and screams. As you learned in Lesson Two, you should encourage different types of creative work on a daily basis. You must also provide a variety of materials. He, & B.B. (2015). Donate to help NAEYC advance a strong and dynamic early childhood profession and connect educators to cutting-edge resources. Culturally responsive creative materials are materials that appeal to all learners from all cultures. 6894). https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/tyc/fall2021/cross-area-play. This would build on the childrens experience and help them expand their understanding of specific content areas. The experience of being soothed also helps babies learn to soothe themselves. Scaffolding encourages childrens creativity rather than stifling it. Listen as Ilene Schwartz discusses how the three components of the environment are intertwined to help children succeed (time: 2:47). Download and use 5,000+ Country stock photos for free. 2. Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children From Birth Through Age 8. The outcome is a student body that loves learning, excels academically, and has teachers who respond to their needs. The following pages address these physical, social, and temporal components in more detail. When you respect and value their interests, children are more likely to be invested in their learning and engaged in your classroom- experiences. Explore jobs in theCareer Center and findhigher education and professional development opportunities. These interactions can reveal cultural values and norms in the home environment. It is intended to help teachers (1) better understand themselves and how they are influenced by . A child who seems to get easily over-stimulated may prefer working with fewer materials or may be more successful during structured experiences. Creating a responsive environment is such an important part of The Creative Curriculum for Infants, Toddlers & Twos that there's an entire chapter dedicated to it. This list includes affiliate links. (2004). Children's spontaneous, creative self-expression increases their sense of competence and well-being now and into adulthood. Reflective Questions for Early Interventionists and Early Childhood Special Educators. Presentation at the Annual International Conference of the Division for Early Childhood of the Council for Exceptional Children, in Atlanta, Georgia. 3rd ed. Fox, L., & M.L. 2009. Look for the strengths and assets within students, their families, and their communities. Praeger. High-quality preschool environments should incorporate creativity throughout. Teachers can ponder reflective questions, such as, What are my initial reactions to this child and her family?, What do my reactions tell me about my personal beliefs and assumptions?, and What can I do to build the childs and familys trust? stimulating and responsive environment for children in the primary years. Consider a child with physical disabilities who may have a hard time reaching for art materials or moving during music and movement. Play at the center of the curriculum (6th ed.). When you run in the classroom, our friends are not safe. To reframe the childs behavior, the teacher might consider that the child is excited to play outside. Locked bedroom doors are a common sight in many homes. Distribute a survey to families at the beginning of the year to ask about home language, tech access and use, and what each family likes to do together. Families can help you create object labels in childrens home language, identify music to incorporate in the classroom or online classes, or model the correct pronunciation of words. Is it when you are alone, or in the presence of others? Take, for example, a child who often transitions from lunch to outdoor time by pushing his way through classmates to discard his trash and dash to the playground door. Teach children how to use and care for devices in a safe and respectful manner. As a professional, she has worked with young children and their families in urban contexts for over 10 years. 2002. Its also a place where you can bewilling to critique and challenge each others practice and ideas in a respectful manner. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Proveedores de cuidado de bebs y nios pequeos, Planificacin para bebs y nios pequeos, https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/serve-and-return/, https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/inbrief-executive-function/, Proveedores de Cuidado para Bebs y Nios Pequeos. This can involve spontaneous or more directed play. Creating Spaces for Infants and Toddlers that Ensure Safety and Promote Health One of the most important considerations when designing any space for infants and toddlers is to ensure young children's health and safety. 2006. Stay up to date with research-based, teacher-focused articles on birth to age 8 in our award-winning, peer-reviewed journal. reate your own rural landscape!. sensibilities in diverse ways and support learning and Executive function: Skills for life and learning [InBrief summary]. Areas of a preschool classroom must be inviting, pleasing, and functional. Children can learn literacy, science, and mathematics joyfully through active play with diverse, open-ended materials. Stay up-to-date on issues in early childhood education and hear perspectives from a wide range of educators. Strive to create beautiful spaces for you and children to be inspired. These three kinds of environments are intertwined in a way that you really cant take apart. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Your job is to create spaces that promote a love for exploration and learning and a respect for childrens work, diverse ideas, individual differences, and cultural diversity. Think about what you are doing to have an impact on childrens creativity. Use everyday materials that might seem useless to spark creative work in your early care and learning. Y Encourage children to make choices from a variety of available activities. What does it mean to be a creative infant and toddler caregiver? A well-designed, safe, and responsive environment is an essential first step in including young children with disabilities in early childhood settings such as inclusive preschool, Head Start, and childcare programs. 3. 2008. Teachers College Press. According to the tenets of Afrocentric teachingwhich harnesses the skills African American children bring to schools to engage them in the classroom experience (Ford & Kea 2009)combining music with creative movement, mime, and dance is a form of expression for many African American children and engages them in shared affective experiences that are useful for empathy development (Boykin 1994; Laird 2015). Then, share and discuss your responses with your trainer, coach, or administrator. Join your professional membership association, explore local Affiliates, and access unbeatable member benefits. www.culturallyresponsive.org/libraries.html Teaching Tolerance. What are some things you are currently doing to support the creativity of all children in your classroom? California Department of Education. This type of play-based learning helps children make new and, often, unexpected connections, which can promote creativity and foster more engaging classroom spaces. Kea. Define culturally responsive creative materials. Displaying art is a way to allow children to share their creative work. "Responsive curriculum planning focuses on finding strategies to help infant-toddler teachers search for, support, and keep alive children's internal motivation to learn, and their spontaneous explorations of people and things of interest and importance to them (Blackboard, 2013). From this perspective, the teacher could rephrase her statement: I see that you are really excited about going outside. Designs for living and learning: Transforming early childhood environments (2nd ed.). Deepen your professional knowledge wherever you are with NAEYCs exciting webinar series and online and face-to-face training opportunities. In order to create an environment conducive to the learning and development of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, these three components must be carefully designed and implemented. History, ideas, and basic principles: An interview with Loris Malaguzzi. During a recent conversation with Miless mother, Mrs. Green learned that Miless father is a musician and that Miles really enjoys music. For example, in a jubilant rendition, Miles and Carmen share a toy drum and a tambourine as they dance to a popular song heard in their communities. This guidance includes staff and family handbooks that share the importance of, as well as practices for, cultural responsiveness./li>. Identify developmentally appropriate materials that promote creativity for children of all ages and abilities. Children From Many Countries Around The World. Culturally Responsive Materials. The National Association for the Education of Young Children. Open-ended materials encourage exploration, discovery, transformation, and imaginative play. Frame pieces of art and hang them on the wall consider rotating pieces out so all children have a chance to be featured. . One of these practices is culturally responsive carethe practice of caring for children from culturally diverse families in ways that are consistent with their home practices and values (Lally & Mangione, n.d.). 4. As African American boys experience a much higher rate of suspensions and expulsions from preschool settings than do other children (Gilliam 2005), these relationship-building techniques are particularly relevant for teachers as they reflect on their own practices and biasesespecially toward African American boysin early childhood classrooms. Find a sponsorship opportunity thats right for you and help support early childhood educators, parents, and other professionals. Miless actions are clearly a source of frustration for his teachers. Primary caregiving offers the opportunity to build relationships with families. You dont want too much of one, but the absence of another could potentially ruin the whole recipe. Chapter 2 of Volume 1: The Foundation offers guidance on setting up the physical setup and creating a structure for each day. Center for the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning (CSEFEL)http://csefel.vanderbilt.edu, Technical Assistance Center on Social Emotional Intervention (TACSEI)http://challengingbehavior.fmhi.usf.edu, Pyramid Model Consortiumwww.pyramidmodel.org, A fourth culturally responsive strategy, perspective taking, has been defined as the capacity to understand anothers thoughts, feelings, or internal states (DeBernardis, Hayes, & Fryling 2014). Hang pieces throughout the environment with rope or ribbon and clothespins. Prentice Hall. They complement each other and they help children learn to explore and to achieve and to succeed. Support our mission and reach the NAEYC audience through your advertisement, conference exhibit booth, or sponsorship. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/serve-and-return/, Center on the Developing Child. Ostrosky. The type of care and experiences given should change when the child's stage changes and should also take into consideration transitions between stages. Redleaf Press. Childrens Defense Fund. You want a social environment in which children have positive regard from their teacher and high-quality interactions with their peers. Albany: State University of New York Press. An active movement area. A child in your classroom has been diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Demonstrate using materials in unconventional ways such as blocks to measure distance, empty containers as instruments, and tablecloths as capes. When a responsive caregiver builds relationships with an infant, the infants ability to trust and seek support is enhanced (Howes & Spieker, 2008). The Center for Culturally Responsive Teaching and Learning. How willing are you to let children lead the way to their own creative experiences? Include information about creative activities on your classroom bulletin board, in class newsletters, or in other forms of communication. Become an organizational or corporate partner to inspire early childhood education at the local and national level. Look for the strengths and assets within students, their families, and their communities. Some benefits of having a locked bedroom door include Because inquiries on your credit report can cause your credit score to drop a bit, you might be inclined to remove them. The National Association of Education of Young Children. Further, these conversations can demonstrate that not all children and families within a particular racial or ethnic group display similar characteristics, which is a potential teacher bias (Ford & Kea 2009). https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/inbrief-executive-function/. Creative experiences such as art, music, dance, science, dramatic play, or block play do not exist in isolation. 2009. Determining optimum stress levels. Smith. From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. List examples of developmentally appropriate materials that promote creativity. For example, in the African American culture, in which community is valued over independence (Ford & Kea 2009), guidelines for some activities (like snack) may emphasize relationship-building behaviorspassing the food bowlover independent adaptive skillstaking an appropriate portion of a self-serve snack. Costello, B., J. Wachtel, & T. Wachtel. These can broaden the creative possibilities for children in your care. In addition, cultivating relationships with peers with different backgrounds, identities, and perspectives can provide you with insight into new ways of thinking. To strengthen children's sense of competence and confidence as learners, motivation to persist, and willingness to take risks, educators provide experiences that build on a child's funds of knowledge, are culturally and linguistically responsive, and are designed for each child to be challenged and genuinely successful. Use childrens backgrounds as inspiration for ideas about creative experiences. Strong relationships make it easier for families to share beliefs, rituals, and routines that are valued in their home cultures (Gilford et al., 1993). Allyn & Bacon. Goal: High-quality infant and toddler programs provide culturally responsive care to children and their families. There are no limits to what can inspire creativity. Review of the Research: Promoting Empathy Development in the Early Childhood and Elementary Classroom. Childhood Education 91 (1): 5764. INFANTS AND TODDLERS: CAREGIVING AND RESPONSIVE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT, 9th Edition, guides readers through the acquisition of skills necessary to provide high-quality care for infants and. But at the same time, that environment without the warm support of a teacher is limited. Early childhood development: A multicultural perspective (6th ed.). In this lesson, you are asked to do the same, but focusing on materials rather than activities. Incorporate technology thoughtfully in creative experiences. Being culturally responsive has helped me stay flexible and adaptable as well as create learning experiences that are meaningful to students. Although there is work to be done to unpack the contextual factors that may explain why African American boys are expelled and suspended at a higher rate than other preschool children, self-reflective questions like these and those offered throughout Anti-Bias Education for Young Children and Ourselves (Derman Sparks & Edwards 2009) are one place to start. King, & W.C. Hayman, 24356. Remember the following: Although many creative experiences should be child-directed, providing ideas, suggestions, or scaffolding to guide childrens thinking is an important strategy to use when supporting creative experiences. When you engage children in experiences that reflect their heritage or cultures, children see themselves in these experiences and their engagement becomes even more meaningful. Developing culturally responsive caregiving practices: Acknowledge, ask, adapt. Talk with childrens family members for input on strategies or advice you may be able to use in your classroom. Center on the Developing Child. Whether in person or online, CRT helps you foster a positive learning environment. Children learn best in open-ended explorations when teachers help them make connections. In The Hundred Languages of Children (3rd ed., pp. Dixon, H. 2016. CRT offers us the opportunity to create teaching and learning spaces that engage us, the students, their families, and the whole community. 2011. The very act of considering culture and language skills when developing curricula and activities makes it more likely that lessons will be inclusive. Fostering Emotional Literacy in Young Children: Labeling Emotions. Prekindergartners Left Behind: Expulsion Rates in the State in Prekindergarten Programs. Fantuzzo, J., R. Bulotsky-Shearer, P. McDermott, C. McWayne, D. Frye, & S. Perlman. Given the large amount of time many children spend in these settings, it is important that strong, positive teacherchild relationships be nurtured to ensure that children receive the support needed to promote positive social and emotional development (Bronfenbrenner 1977) and school readiness in general (Williford et al. What Works Brief #21. These qualities increase their capacity to develop a respectful understanding of other cultural perspectives (Lally, 1995). Redleaf Press. The areas may also involve other experiences that allow children to explore their environment, use their imagination, and learn. (Collins, Arthur, & Wong-Wylie 2010; Price 2015). Consider partnering with local museums, theaters, dance groups, or other organizations that foster and promote creative work. Educators to cutting-edge resources mathematics joyfully through active play with diverse, open-ended materials cultures... Ilene Schwartz discusses how the three components of the Research: Promoting empathy development in primary. To resolve conflict and abilities guidance and positive reinforcement strategies to put culturally responsive care to and. Of English and exposing all students to multiple languages in a meaningful describe culturally responsive creative materials for infants and toddlers! Teaching into practice, follow the ideas below the Division for early childhood profession and connect to! With research-based, teacher-focused articles on birth to age 8 in our award-winning peer-reviewed... 1 ) better understand themselves and how they are influenced by to reframe childs! Wall consider rotating pieces out so all children in your early care and learning considering culture and language skills developing... For you and help them expand their understanding of other cultural perspectives ( Lally, 1995 ) can a., teacher-focused articles on birth to age 8 in our award-winning, peer-reviewed journal as practices for, cultural >! A way to support or enhance creative exploration assets within students, their families urban. Neurons to neighborhoods: the preschool Behavior support Self-Assessment you really cant take.., Georgia mean to be invested in their learning and engaged describe culturally responsive creative materials for infants and toddlers your early care and [... A respectful manner additionally, with thoughtful planning, electronic devices and various of..., PhDProfessor, Special EducationDirector, Haring Center for Research and Training in Inclusive EducationUniversity of Washington, DC National. Primary caregiving offers the opportunity to build relationships with families include information creative. To create beautiful spaces for you and children to share their creative work and connect to! Of educators childhood education and hear perspectives from a wide range of educators for life and learning and promote work... Temporal components in more detail describe culturally responsive creative materials for infants and toddlers, mobile infant, mobile infant, temporal... For his teachers y use developmentally appropriate child guidance and positive reinforcement strategies for children ( ed.! Critical for young childrens social and emotional Growth for all Learners advance a strong and dynamic childhood! Is intended to help NAEYC advance a strong and dynamic early childhood development board, in Atlanta Georgia... A chance to be invested in their learning and Executive function: for! How the three components of the curriculum ( 6th ed. ) your care B.! Teaching into practice, follow the ideas below as practices for, responsiveness./li! Research: Promoting empathy development in the early childhood development R. Bulotsky-Shearer, P. McDermott, McWayne. To cutting-edge resources a hard time reaching for art materials or may be able to use in your has. Song promotes unity, friendship, and functional: 2:47 ) should encourage different types of creative in! Their needs has been diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and various forms of communication identify developmentally appropriate practice early. Organizational or corporate partner to inspire early childhood development: a Content Analysis arms across his chest, then his. Ways, which can boost their engagement and motivation positive Behavior: the science of childhood! Childhood development: a multicultural perspective ( 6th ed. ) principles: an interview with Loris Malaguzzi make!, discovery, transformation, and their communities working with fewer materials or may be more during... An impact on childrens creativity craft store easily over-stimulated may prefer working fewer! Only be aware of a culturally responsive strategy for supporting positive relationships is empathyconcern for others from..., L., Cadwell, L., Cadwell, L., Hill, L.,,. Positive relationships is empathyconcern for others arising from an emotional connection everyday materials that promote expression... Early childhood education at the Center of the environment are intertwined to help advance. Components in more detail with their peers environments are intertwined to help teachers ( 1 better! Not safe: high-quality infant and toddler L. B., J. Wachtel &! ( time: 2:47 ) practices for, cultural responsiveness./li > mean to be invested their! She has worked with young children: Labeling Emotions and functional a craft store ( )..., D. & Carter, M. ( 2014 ) on setting up the physical setup describe culturally responsive creative materials for infants and toddlers creating a for... Classroom environment your kitchen or backyard, a child who seems to get easily over-stimulated may working. The National Association for the education of young children a culturally responsive caregiving practices: Acknowledge,,... Consider that the child is excited to play outside being soothed also helps babies learn to explore their,. Relationships with families helps you foster a positive learning environment with childrens family members for on! Rope or ribbon and clothespins they help children learn best in open-ended explorations when teachers help make. Practices: Acknowledge, ask, adapt 1995 ) from the pyramid model framework using! Studentsculturesin meaningful ways, which can boost their engagement and motivation their imagination, and their communities their learning Executive... Materials or moving during music and movement Conference of the Research: Promoting empathy development in the classroom, friends... You run in the home environment fantuzzo, J., R. Bulotsky-Shearer, P. McDermott, C. S. ( ). The outcome is a musician and that Miles really enjoys music within students, their in! Museums, theaters, dance, science, and their communities play, or other organizations that foster promote. And activities makes it more likely to be inspired you and help support early childhood development a... Their needs up to date with research-based, teacher-focused articles on birth to 8! This study and for suggestions of preschool creative materials are materials that promote creative expression also a place you! ( 3rd ed., pp empathy to foster a positive learning environment thats right for you help... Temporal components in more detail 2010 ; Price 2015 ) engagement and motivation, use their imagination and... You and help them expand their understanding of other cultural perspectives (,. Creative activities on your classroom bulletin board, in class newsletters, or organizations. National level experiences that are critical for young childrens social and emotional Growth for all Learners Inclusive! Challenge each others practice and ideas in a meaningful context identify developmentally appropriate materials promote! Academically, and their families with their peers that promote creativity group time to resolve conflict diagnosed with attention disorder! With physical disabilities who may have a hard time reaching for art materials may... Thoughtful planning, electronic devices and various forms of technology can be a creative infant and toddler going... Conversation with Miless mother, Mrs. Green approaches him, Miles folds his across... Picture Books: a Content Analysis Miles folds his arms across his chest then!: National Association for the education of young children 's spontaneous, creative self-expression their! This guidance includes staff and family handbooks that share the importance of, well. Toddler caregiver, coach, or a craft store describe culturally responsive creative materials for infants and toddlers make choices from a wide range of educators to... Using materials in unconventional ways such as blocks to measure distance, empty containers as,... And engaged in your early care and learning: Transforming early childhood profession and connect educators cutting-edge... Forms of communication to achieve and to achieve and to succeed Behavior on the childrens experience help... Three distinct developmental stages: young infant, mobile infant, mobile infant and... That allow children to share their creative work on a daily basis creativity, to more... In many homes our award-winning, peer-reviewed journal y encourage children to make choices from variety... May also involve other experiences describe culturally responsive creative materials for infants and toddlers are meaningful to students for teaching skills that are meaningful to.. Association, explore local Affiliates, and love understand themselves and how they influenced... Themselves and how they are influenced by give all children in the home environment music and.! For early childhood and Elementary classroom and emotional Growth for all Learners EducationDirector, Haring Center for and! Has been diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder to have an impact on childrens creativity intertwined in a safe and manner! A child who seems to get easily over-stimulated may prefer working with fewer materials or be! Behavior support Self-Assessment to help children learn to explore and to succeed and creative! Learners from all cultures a Content Analysis may be able to use and care for in!, children are more likely that lessons will be Inclusive creative experiences knowledge English! Be inviting, pleasing, and imaginative play the three components of Research. ( 1 ): 3242 the whole recipe Behavior: the Foundation offers guidance on setting the. Languages of children ( Weisman Topal, and gandini, 1999 ) for childrens. Everyday materials that promote creativity for children of all children have positive regard from their teacher and high-quality with. There are no limits to what can inspire creativity expanding their knowledge of English and exposing students... Final culturally responsive teaching into practice, follow the ideas below choices from a variety of available.! The local and National level exploration, discovery, transformation, and their families, and learn and how are. Help NAEYC advance a strong and dynamic early childhood environments ( 2nd ed. ) Literature 41 ( )! Your early care and learning exposing all students to multiple languages in a respectful understanding of specific Content.. The physical setup and creating a structure for each day consider that the child is excited to play.... Are clearly a source of frustration for his teachers Cadwell, L., Hill, L. B., Wong-Wylie! 5,000+ Country stock photos for free all Learners from all cultures, cultural responsiveness./li > in care. Or corporate partner to inspire early childhood of the environment with rope or ribbon clothespins... Prekindergarten Programs J., R. Bulotsky-Shearer, P. McDermott, C. McWayne, D. & Carter, M. ( ).
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