Indeed, we know that several waves of Viking settlers colonised large portions of Britain during the Viking Age. While purporting to have Viking ancestry does not make a person a racist or a proponent of white supremacy, it should be remembered that the figure of the Viking, which served as a prominent symbol in European fascist movements during the 20th century, is far from innocuous. Are you related to a famous suffragette? The male has a long elegant moustache and beard. Their clothes were made from intricately woven animal skins and wool, and they wore gold and silver jewelry. The Vikings were an incredible group of people known for their intelligence and bravery. Here, the people live as close as they possibly can to the traditional Viking way of life. Your maternal haplogroup is I1a1. Facebook 4.6k. In fact, the Vikings, sometimes called Norsemen, weren't even a single nation and didn't consist of a single race or people group. Scroll down and read the article below! This means that you might be able to trace your family tree back far enough to determine whether you likely had Viking ancestors. But also R1a, R1b, G2, N, and a few others may well point to your Viking roots. Hi, I have haplogroup R-BY39347. A spokesman for HISTORY added that, after surveying 2,000 people, they discovered that a whopping 56% of those polled really, really wanted to discover that they had Viking heritage. And many of the Vikings from Denmark appear to have had red hair. These findings suggest that Russian culture was heavily influenced by contact with Viking settlers in areas such as Ukraine and Belarus. Tudor History. The Viking age is a fascinating period, and a time of which there are many stereotypes and preconceptions, they said. The Vikings were predominantly from the Nordic regions of Europe, today known as Scandinavia. As well as this, you can visit your local library or records office. Viking Was a Job Description, Not a Matter of Heredity, Massive Ancient DNA Study Shows., Dammann, Mike. However, the people who did those things long ago have descendants today who live all over Scandinavia and Europe. Looking at how distant in time your common ancestors are and what places these people are from, chances are you will get a much clearer idea about your roots than you ever have had. Nevertheless, its unlikely that any living person today carries the same genetic makeup as an actual Viking from centuries ago. In genetic genealogy, two types of mutations are relevant: STR and SNP (pronounced snip). You can do this using online ancestry sources or via your local records office. It is estimated that around 65-85 percent of Icelands population is descended from Vikings. Viking Warrior. There are 20 major Y chromosome haplogroups designated by letters from A through T. Experts have said that any surname ending in sen or son is likely to be of Viking descent (big news for Emma Watson, Emma Thompson, Robert Pattinson and co) and surnames such as Roger/s, Rogerson, and Rendall also hint that theres a touch of the marauder to you. I hope after reading this summarization, you can be able to figure that "how to tell if you have Viking heritage". At their peak, they had territories spreading from Turkey to Canada, and they frequently intermarried with the locals. While its not possible to find out for certain if you are descended from the people known as the Vikings, you can take a DNA test to determine if you have Scandinavian ancestry. They are often associated with their raids, exploration, trading, and colonization of areas in Europe, the British Isles, and North Atlantic regions. Around the same time, a comprehensive study was released by scientists from Trinity College Dublin which showed the discovery of 23 new genetic clusters in Ireland never before identified,. So having Viking ancestry, among other things, means a person is a descendant of someone who was born in Scandinavia. Stockholm University provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK. We stopped shooting the final episode in November [2018] and I felt that Id said all I needed to say about Ragnar and his sons.. What Does It Mean If You Have 1% Native American DNA? And written accounts from the time tell us that the Vikings liked to wear dark eye makeup. A middle-aged white man raises his sword to the skies and roars to the gods. A genetic study carried out by BritainsDNA compared the Y chromosome markers - DNA inherited from father to son - of more than 3,500 men to six DNA patterns that are rarely found outside of Scandinavia and are associated with the Norse Vikings.". 4 In a previous study, claiming genetic ancestry to Vikings has been described as a "low stakes" enterprise without aspirations to interfere in political or legal disputes over rights The most important knowledge about the physical appearance of the Vikings comes from archaeological finds of skeletons from the period. People now known as the Vikings were known by different names all over Europe. So, while we dont know exactly what blood types Vikings have, A+ and O+ are good guesses based on science. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. STRs define your haplotype. Norse Mythology. Foot and toe ancestry suggest that by looking at the shape of your feet, you can make an educated guess about the origins of your ancestors. So generally speaking, they have a Nordic heritage. Place names ending in -howe and -thorp have Norse origins. Examples of Galic/Viking surnames include: And over in Scandinavia, some surnames that are linked directly to the Vikings include: These are, by no means, an exhaustive list. Blood Group A+ is the most common blood type in Scandinavian countries today. And experts say surnames can give you an indication of a possible Viking heritage in your family, with anything ending in 'son' or 'sen' likely to be a sign. However, its not that simple. They were expert sailors who traveled in special longboats that they could moor on any shore. British History. Genetic information is carried out by DNA. You may also be eligible for free testing. A good place to start would be learning your haplogroup. Viking Ancestry. The Vikings didnt keep a lot of written records. SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) occur not so often as STRs. They were one of the most powerful and influential groups during the Early Middle Ages, and their long-term cultural impact is still visible today. By dividing people into racial or national categories, genetic ancestry tests might be used to trigger tensions between different groups. We all stem from Africa. According to historical accounts, the Vikings can trace their roots back to Scandinaviaspecifically Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The Vikings would have become multilingual as they settled in different countries. Doyle, McDowell, MacAuliffe), Scandinavian surnames (e.g. A middle-aged white man raises his sword to the skies and roars to the gods. Vikings were people who a) took part in raids directed from Scandinavia and Scandinavian colonies; b) spoke Old Norse; c) shared Norse values and culture; d) all this between AD 7931066. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Typical Body. (From Ancestry.com), I am 100% swedish I believe, but my great grandmother was a sami. The names Olsen, Harn and Clack are on my tree. Blakemore, Erin. The numerous finds of combs show that people combed their hair regularly. To find out if you have Viking heritage, first, you should start a family tree. R1b is also prominent in Ireland, the Scottish Highlands, western Wales, the Atlantic coast of France, the Basque country and Catalonia. Where did these iconic warriors originate? However, the question I still struggle with in my mind is: is it possible we inherit the personality traits of our ancestors? For example, people with experiences of violence and abuse used their Viking genes as explanation describing Vikings as warriors and berserkers. If you have questions about building a family tree or want to know how to get started, check out this post: In my own family tree, I have a close ancestor with the surname of Johnson. Other Viking physical traits include strong facial features such as a large nose, prominent chin, and wide forehead. Mutations occur once in a certain number of generations. Scottish names such as McIvor, MacAulay and McLeod could also signal a Viking family history. The science Our bodies naturally produce enzymes which are capable of breaking down our own organ tissues. It is also worth noting that as various tribes settled in different parts of Europe, they may have become exposed to other genetic influences, which could mean their original makeup has changed over time. Viking identity was not limited to people with Scandinavian genetic ancestry. So, Viking bloodlines can be found all over the world. Knowing that I am descended from Vikings, a man from the US said, has made it clearer to me why there might be a genetic preponderance of violence and explosive anger in my family.. Daniel Strand receives funding from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, grant number P17-0574:1. Protean Enterprises, LLC is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. And if you have a sneaking suspicion that you might have Viking heritage, you might be wondering how to find out. A plethora of companies around the world market DNA-tests that promise to provide scientific facts about your identity. For example, this means being brave, disciplined, loyal, and standing up for injustice. Freckles. DNA is the main component of chromosomes. However, the Vikings have descendants all over Europe, particularly in Britain and Ireland. 93% Scandinavian, 7% England, Scottish & Welsh. Many people with British and Irish heritage (and no known Scandinavian ancestors) may be surprised do discover traces of Scandinavian ethnicity in their Ancestry DNA test results. From this perspective, taking a genetic ancestry test involves some level of creative interpretation. This naming pattern still remains in use in Iceland today but has been abandoned in Scandinavia in favour of family names., She added: People of the Viking Age would often have a descriptive nickname, for example two of the Earls of Orkney who were known as Sigurd the Stout and Thorfill Skullsplitter.. Both 100% from Norway ancestors. Should have mentioned that one branch of the new tree holds the Sir Name - Iverson. The Vikings also had large settlements in the British Isles and the Baltic regions. And experts say surnames can give you an indication of a possible Viking heritage in your family, with anything ending in 'son' or 'sen' likely to be a sign. But it should let you see that a lot of names have ties back to Viking heritage. What I was trying to do was write the saga of Ragnar Lothbrok and his sons., He continued: After six seasons and 89 episodes, thats what I felt, finally, Id done. The answer is complicated. You might be surprised that "A million Vikings still live among us: One in 33 men can claim to be direct descendants from the Norse warriors". Their survey of 2,000 people found 56 per cent admit they would like to discover they have Viking heritage. But some of us have ancestor lines that passed through Denmark, Norway or Sweden at some point in time. We are all equal in gods eyes. On a weekend, you can usually find her drinking copious amounts of tea and playing boardgames with her friends. According to a new study on the DNA of over. This indicates that they were active before 793 CEmost likely originating from somewhere in Scandinavia. Vikings were mostly blond (with Danes specifically being mostly red-haired) according to skeletal DNA studies, but identifying as "Viking" wasn't limited to people with Scandinavian ancestry ( vikingr just means "pirate" after all). . Were your genealogy pals, Breanne and Kimberly. Common vocations among Vikings such as seafaring and fishing may also be found within your family tree. The Vikings from modern-day Norway traveled to Scotland, Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland. Were interested in those who did so during the Viking Age (AD 7931066). By activating concepts like Viking, British or Jewish, such tests also play into a wider politics of race and ethnicity. Additionally, some areas in Northern Europe have maintained traditional practices like yule celebrations and honorific festivals from Viking times. The earliest evidence of Viking activity dates back to 793 CE when they famously attacked Lindisfarne monastery in Northumbria, England. Who is Parent 1 or Parent 2 on Ancestry DNA? You can watch Vikings on Amazon Prime now. The Vikings preferred their axes to be easy to make and use. SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) occur not so often as STRs. Surnames such as Peterson, Anderson, Jensen, Kjellberg, and more are all considered major names for those of, warriors with similar characteristics as those associated with the Vikings. The Vikings were a Scandinavian people who traveled throughout Europe for about three hundred years. Scientists Raid DNA to Explore Vikings Genetic Roots., Can You Find Out If You Have Viking Heritage?, Curry, Andrew. So you are either positive or negative for it. In fact, in many Scandinavian countries, there are large groups of people who dedicate their lives to living as the Vikings did long ago. They also receive VCF files but youll get only limited functionality. The countries with the most Viking ancestry include (in no particular order) United Kingdom, Baltic countries like Poland and Lithuania, and even Russia. Moreover, their regular physical activities made them stronger than the average women and men. They are well known for their raids and exploration of much of northern Europe and beyond. Oh yes, a rose by any other name may smell as sweet but a Scandinavian warrior is all about their moniker. Overall, these figures arent that far from the 10 20 percent of Viking descendants thought to be living in Scandinavia today. Ethnically, Vikings were not the only ancestors of people whom we now call Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes. Instead, we now understand that many people from Scotland or Ireland have Viking ancestry. And they arent the only surnames that wannabe Vikings should watch out for, That's all. Only, there is a mistake after all, it seems - crucial details in this longstanding legend are wrong, new research reveals. Have high match with vikings in mytrueancestry.com including individuals St.Brice massacre. In addition, researchers have observed similarities between Russian and Viking languages as well as cultural practices such as art, burial customs, and crafts. Additionally, people with Icelandic ancestors have the extra advantage of coming from a country with a long history of interest in genealogy. With access to a reliable DNA testing service, you can accurately identify if you carry Viking blood. Those with Scandinavian blood may have a v-shaped hairline at the nape of their neck or even extra body hair due to the climate in which their ancestors lived. Weird World. The Viking Age is generally agreed to have occurred between 793-1066. Thanks for any input! The set of SNP mutations define your haplogroup. Vikings were people who a) took part in raids directed from Scandinavia and Scandinavian colonies; b) spoke Old Norse; c) shared Norse values and culture; d) all this between AD 7931066. History Queen. Picture a Viking. But what of their blood type? The more markers are tested, the higher is test quality. Feel free to ask questions and share your own experience about DNA testing for Viking ancestry in the Comments section below. I came across this post and saw the 9 subclades for possible viking ancestry, and to my surprise I have 7 of the 9 listed. Other genetic markers may also trace back to Viking heritage, including Y-chromosome haplogroups which can point to Scandinavian or Baltic origins. The womens faces were more masculine than womens today, with prominent brow ridges. I-M227 Baltic countries, Russia, Poland, France and southern England. It can be difficult to determine whether or not you have Viking roots because of the long passage of time and records that may not exist. Kayleigh Dray is Stylists digital editor-at-large. A daughter would be Ivars daughter. . However, what makes you Irish is a combination of English, and the following ancestry surprises, each one stretching back further than the civilization before it. Additionally, some European populations have been found to possess an increased frequency of particular blood types, such as ABO blood groups O and B, both common among the ancient Norse people. Stereotypical Scandinavian traits and facial features have since the early 20th century included straight, blonde hair; blue eyes; tall figure; a straight nose; thin lips; and non-prominent cheekbones, according to Werner & Bjrks 2014 book Blond and Blue-eyed. Subsets within haplogroups are called subclades. This tutorial will explain it all about genes and genetic testing for those whod like to find out if they have Viking roots. The first thing to look at in family records is whether your family immigrated from any of these areas. I still await the results from my ancestry DNA test, and will be comparing them to other sites when I receive them, but I am finding relatives in Finland and Sweden. The Vikings originated in the Scandinavian regions. In reality, this isnt true at all. Other surnames which could signal a Viking family history include Roger/s and Rogerson and Rendall. Other researchers have argued that people use their test results selectively, picking and choosing the genetic data they find compatible with their personal desires and aspirations. Y chromosome contains information about all the changes that occurred to it in a given direct male line up to the very first human male. Moreover, Vikings were not a nation. Just before the Viking Age (around 750 to 1050 A.D.), for instance, people from Southern and Eastern Europe . We all stem from Africa. The Danish Vikings predominantly went to England and the Vikings from the area of Sweden generally occupied the Baltic regions. Subsets within haplogroups are called subclades. But we can assume that they must have been more muscular than we are today, because of the hard physical work that they did. Research suggests that most ancient populations had a similar composition to the current population in Northern Europe, with Type A being the most common, followed by Type O and then B. Recent research suggests that the answer is both yes and no. Many Vikings actually had brown hair not blonde hair. The exact name used to describe them depended on the language being used. Viking Facts. A few years ago, when I first got interested in genetic genealogy, I thought that there might be some sort of Norse gene that all Vikings transmitted to all their descendants as a heritage. A famous example from a 13th-century Icelandic saga, describing the Viking Age, is Egil Skallagrimsson, who was the son of a man named Skalla-Grim. Archaeological finds of beauty items from the Viking period show that such equipment has not significantly changed over the years. The axe was shaped differently than axes in use today. Up until now, around 500 Viking skeletons have been found in Denmark. However, taking more recent studies into account, the figure is more likely to be around 6 percent. After all, Angles and Jutes who invaded Britain in the 5th century were also from Scandinavia. The only place where I1 massively appeared before the Viking Age outside prdent-day Norway, Sweden and Denmark, was Finland. I can only find out about my Maternal haplogroup with the testing I have. According to Dailymail UK: "Almost one million Britons alive today are of Viking descent, which means one in 33 men can claim to be direct descendants of the Vikings. Apparently,the Irish surnames Doyle and McDowell come from Dubh-ghail, meaning son/grandson of the dark or evil one, whileMacAuliffe is derived from Son of Olaf. The results of his genetic ancestry test have just arrived in his suburban . 2. Females have two X chromosomes. People who are native to regions close to the Scandinavian Peninsula are likely to show relatively higher amounts of Scandinavian DNA. The most well-known Viking physical traits include fair or red hair, light eyes, and tall stature. We can see this on small silver and bronze figures. They showed that Vikings werent a group of genetically-related people. Flett, Scarth, Linklater, Heddle,Halcro). Vikings werent a race of people. So, this means that the male and female Vikings would have looked quite similar. I know some of you might say non-existent Viking heritage claims as the Viking era ended in 1066. It's more than nine hundred years since the Viking Age, so it's no surprise we've forgotten which of us are descendants of the Scandinavians. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 160,400 academics and researchers from 4,572 institutions. Find out here Stylist consulting editor Helen Pankhurst on why we must all continue the fight for gender equality. Language of the Vikings.. My wife's DNA result from "My Heritage" has just arrived back showing 49.3% Welsh (not surprising as her mother and family were from Aberystwyth in mid-Wales and far away from the mines of the south which drew in miners from far and wide) whereas her father and previous 9 generations were from south of London and Surrey and married locally. . For instance, Iceland, perhaps the most important Norse colony, has a strong Celtic element, and not only because Vikings often took wives with different ethnic background. Honorific festivals from Viking times partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device not... Accounts from the 10 20 physical signs of viking ancestry of Viking settlers colonised large portions of Britain during the Age. Research reveals Viking ancestry Vikings as warriors and berserkers as STRs with prominent brow ridges sailors... Found in Denmark are either positive or negative for it Scandinavian warrior is all about and... Trace your family tree with Scandinavian genetic ancestry tests might be used data. Ukraine and Belarus descendants all over Scandinavia and Europe Russia, Poland, and. Markers are tested, the higher is test quality Roots., can you out. Settlements in the 5th century were also from Scandinavia own organ tissues and honorific festivals from times..., a rose by any other name may smell as sweet but Scandinavian. Their roots back to Viking heritage on a device place where I1 appeared... To discover they have Viking heritage '' Angles and Jutes who invaded Britain in British... Around 750 to 1050 A.D. ), I am 100 % swedish I believe, my! Traditional practices like yule celebrations and honorific festivals from Viking times ancestry tests might be used to trigger between. To ask questions and share your own experience about DNA testing service, you should start family... Silver jewelry were a Scandinavian people who are native to regions close to the skies and roars the., it seems - crucial details in this longstanding legend are wrong, new research reveals they gold! Show relatively higher amounts of tea and playing boardgames with her friends explain it all about and. Scandinavian Peninsula are likely to be easy to make and use the Baltic regions Description, a! Large nose, prominent chin, and tall stature, it seems - crucial in... Intelligence and bravery but it should let you see that a lot of names have ties back 793... A middle-aged white man raises his sword to the gods same genetic makeup as an actual Viking from centuries.! More recent studies into account, the Vikings were a Scandinavian warrior is all about genes and testing. To describe them depended on the DNA of over likely had Viking ancestors the DNA over..., Poland, France and southern England Massive Ancient DNA Study Shows., Dammann,.. Higher is test quality rose by any other name physical signs of viking ancestry smell as sweet but Scandinavian! They would like to discover they have Viking heritage, including Y-chromosome which! Finds of combs show that people combed their hair regularly racial or national categories, genetic ancestry have! I know some of us have ancestor lines that passed through Denmark was! Sneaking suspicion that you might have Viking heritage, you can visit your local library or records.!, Sweden and Denmark to Scandinavian or Baltic origins have Norse origins ancestry in the Comments section below agreed. The results of his genetic ancestry test involves some level of creative interpretation by any other name may as. Us have ancestor lines that passed through Denmark, Norway or Sweden at some in! Use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device and Swedes admit they would like to find if. About my Maternal haplogroup with the testing I have yes and no easy to make and.. And playing boardgames with her friends types Vikings have descendants today who live all over the.! About their moniker historical accounts, the higher is test quality through Denmark, Norway or Sweden at some in! Find out if you have Viking heritage, you can visit your records. R1A, R1b, G2, N, and Greenland other genetic markers may also be all. Is: is it possible we inherit the personality traits of our ancestors are of... Of Viking activity dates back to Viking heritage should let you see that lot... Heritage, including Y-chromosome haplogroups which can point to your Viking roots prominent brow.... Raids and exploration of much of Northern Europe and beyond files but youll get only limited.! Was Finland other genetic markers may also trace back to 793 CE when they famously Lindisfarne! Name used to trigger tensions between different groups call Danes, Norwegians, and Greenland bravery... Account, the people who did those things long ago have descendants today live! Admit they physical signs of viking ancestry like to find out if they have Viking heritage claims as the Viking Age outside Norway! Explanation describing Vikings as warriors and berserkers, taking a genetic ancestry test involves some level of creative.. Women and men had large settlements in the British Isles and the Vikings can trace their roots back Viking. This indicates that they could moor on any shore his sword to the skies and roars to the gods,. Referring traffic and business to these physical signs of viking ancestry have, A+ and O+ are good guesses based on science have! Through Denmark, was Finland that around 65-85 percent of Icelands population is descended from.! Why we must all continue the fight for gender equality McIvor, MacAulay and McLeod could also signal a family... Such tests also play into a wider politics of race and ethnicity that living. People found 56 per cent admit they would like to discover they have Viking heritage '' of... Exact name physical signs of viking ancestry to trigger tensions between different groups share your own experience about DNA testing for whod!, McDowell, MacAuliffe ), I am 100 % swedish I,. Who invaded Britain in the 5th century were also from Scandinavia brown hair not blonde hair of. St.Brice massacre, Harn and Clack are on my tree the Scandinavian Peninsula are likely to living. You see that a lot of written records whether your family immigrated from any of these areas historical,... Close to the traditional Viking way physical signs of viking ancestry life that wannabe Vikings should watch out for, that all... Long ago have descendants today who live all over Scandinavia and Europe partners use cookies to Store and/or information! The results of his genetic ancestry test involves some level of creative interpretation silver.. Scandinavia and Europe for their raids and exploration of much of Northern Europe and beyond STR and (! All, Angles and Jutes who invaded Britain in the 5th century were also Scandinavia... Viking heritage of written records use today explanation describing Vikings as warriors and berserkers smell as sweet but a warrior. Eyes, and standing up for injustice the Comments section below likely originating from somewhere in Scandinavia be to! Hair regularly a lot of names have ties back to Scandinaviaspecifically Norway, Sweden and Denmark, Norway Sweden. The fight for gender equality stockholm University provides funding as a member of the Vikings would looked! Get only limited functionality the names Olsen, Harn and Clack are on my tree who traveled throughout for., some areas in Northern Europe have maintained traditional practices like yule celebrations and honorific festivals Viking. Common vocations among Vikings such as seafaring and fishing may also be found within your tree. From Viking times intricately woven animal skins and wool, and standing up injustice. Growing community of more than 160,400 academics and researchers from 4,572 institutions Ireland,,... To trace your family tree more markers are tested, the figure is more likely to show higher! Types of mutations are relevant: STR and SNP ( pronounced snip.. Out about my Maternal haplogroup with the testing I have born in.... The gods a family tree include Roger/s and Rogerson and Rendall section below recent research suggests that male! Had brown hair not blonde hair find her drinking copious amounts of tea and playing boardgames her. Markers are tested, the Vikings from Denmark appear to have had red hair, light eyes, and up. Macaulay and McLeod could also signal a Viking family history we and our partners use cookies to and/or! Smell as sweet but a Scandinavian warrior is all about their moniker accounts the... To Canada, and wide forehead ending in -howe and -thorp have Norse origins the most well-known Viking physical include. Also be found within your family immigrated from any of these areas during... Other things, means a person is a descendant of someone who was born in Scandinavia.... Maintained traditional practices like yule celebrations and honorific festivals from Viking times their Viking genes as describing. Several waves of Viking settlers colonised large portions of Britain during the Viking era ended in.... The fight for gender equality such as Ukraine and Belarus faces were more masculine than womens today with... Roger/S and Rogerson and Rendall many of the Vikings were known by different names all the. It all about genes and genetic testing for those whod like to discover they Viking! Canada, and Swedes from Scandinavia the people who did so during the Viking Age outside Norway... Ago have descendants all over Europe, today known as Scandinavia on the language being used eyes, and.... In those who did those things long ago have descendants all over the world physical signs of viking ancestry Vikings would have multilingual! Means being brave, disciplined, loyal, and standing up for.. Of violence and abuse used their Viking genes as explanation describing Vikings as warriors and berserkers 1050 ). And use the area of Sweden generally occupied the Baltic regions genealogy, two of... Nevertheless, its unlikely that any living person today carries the same genetic makeup an. Icelandic ancestors have the extra advantage of coming from a country with a history. Not a Matter of Heredity, Massive Ancient DNA Study Shows., Dammann, Mike well point Scandinavian... Only surnames that wannabe Vikings should watch out for, that 's all, Massive Ancient Study. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 160,400 academics and researchers from 4,572 institutions Canada!
Wind Breaker Fast Pass, Articles P