Left: Carolyn Thompson/Associated Press; Right: Mary Altaffer/Associated Press, The marquee cases of theterm are challenges to the, The role race may play in government decision-making also figures in a case that is, The justices heard an appeal from a web designer who, The court is reviewinga sweeping lawthat prevents, a challenge under the Voting Rights Act to an Alabama electoral map, objects to providing services for same-sex marriages, tech companies such as Facebook and Google, estimated $400 billion in federal student loan debt, whether the states are even entitled to sue, could cast doubt on every rule and enforcement action the agency has taken, with undergraduate degrees from Harvard, Yale or Princeton. LockA locked padlock This type of misconduct involves not necessarily the rotten apples in the agency but sometimes involves the best officers in the agency, or In his opinion, Judge Ambro stated that "Ciavarellas bribery-related actions still satisfy even a post-McDonnell understanding of official act. If sentencing hundreds of juvenile offenders to excessive terms of incarceration is not an official act, then nothing is.[7]. Asked about Mr. Andersons accusations, the lawyer for Mr. Johnstone, Anthony Ricco said, Seans answer is, I never did a single thing that he said he saw me do., https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/nyregion/those-drugs-they-came-from-the-police.html, scandal that became public three years ago. [8], In 1989, the term "noble cause corruption" was coined by Edwin Delattre. Law enforcement officers who are in investigative roles are often confronted with ethical issues during the investigative process. Search available domains at loopia.com , With LoopiaDNS, you will be able to manage your domains in one single place in Loopia Customer zone. We call these systems the deontological and teleological points of view, and I will briefly discuss both of them here before looking at their implications for training and day-to-day policies and procedures. Perhaps the evidence is not quite as strong as it could be, so the paedophile might escape conviction. 1.2 Ethics and the Pursuit of a Law Enforcement Career, 1.3 As Employees in Law Enforcement Agencies, 4.4 Person, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Conformity, 4.5 Ethical Issues during an Investigation, 4.7 Use of Force Philosophy Theory and Law, 5.3 The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act, 6.2 Policing Public Demonstrations and Crowd Control, 7.6 Transactional and Transformational Leadership, 8.4 Moral Culpability versus Legal Culpability, Appendix. [7] Klockars believed that this problem, which he dubbed "the Dirty Harry problem", was a chief consideration of police work. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS This is the consequence of living in a free society and what separates our nation from those tyrannical governments that execute suspects without a fair trial. Growth of Prisons in the United States, 9.13. Officers who participate in more aggressive types of corruption by seeking out and taking advantage of opportunities for corruption are called: meat-eaters. This case demonstrates the tragedy which can occur when officers suspend the constitution and fabricate evidence in the pursuit of justice. AnyLaw is the FREE and Friendly legal research service that gives you unlimited access to massive amounts of valuable legal data. [2]. In this complicated case, the Court arrived at two important conclusions. ARGUMENT I. [2][13], In Victoria, Australia the Victoria Police's use of Nicola Gobbo, a lawyer favored by organized crime figures, to secretly inform on them, was referred to as noble cause corruption following a 2018 Royal Commission. What he did have, like many lobbyists and donors and interest groups and others, was influence in his case, influence drawn from years of public service, from a close relationship to the Cuomo family and from his senior campaign role, Mr. Roth said. As they entered the premises, Lewin shot and killed Officer Sherman Griffiths. Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr., writing for the court, narrowed the definition of what sort of conduct can serve as the basis of a corruption prosecution. Some of the reasons they cite for the unacceptability of lying include: Some officers have little issue with lying to suspects, taking a utilitarian and legalistic approach. He was troubled that police officers might conceive of a goal or outcome that justified the use of questionable means, in particular, the use of force to obtain confessions. The officers religious beliefs and scripture prohibit or strongly discourage lying for interviews and criminal investigations. This is among the findings of a new working paper co-written by Harvard Law School Professor Matthew Stephenson 03 and California State Ethics in Law Enforcement by Steve McCartney and Rick Parent is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. They did that by deciding to take a close look at the structure of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The Massachusetts senator affectionately known as Pocahontas, for her 1/1024th Cherokee blood, put that structure together WebDUNN LAMPTON AND NOBLE CAUSE CORRUPTION Dunn Lampton, District Attorney for the Fourteenth Circuit Court District, worked his way up from a town prosecutor to district Many officers work twenty-five years and may never see another cop steal Police officers who use unlawful means damage the system they represent and denigrate themselves. WebDecision for BuckleyPer Curiam opinion. It is for the greater good because lying justifies the end result (a classic utilitarian perspective that maximizes happiness). This Court should reject it. On Monday, the United States Supreme Court ruined Elizabeth Warrens day. Eugene Our full-featured web hosting packages include everything you need to get started with your website, email, blog and online store. Within the story, three central actions are instances of noble cause corruption: illegal entry, torture, and murder. Caldero, M. A., Dailey, J. D., & Withrow, B. L. (2018). WebNoble Cause Corruption When we think of police corruption financial gain typically comes to mind because the police are exposed to great temptations in their everyday duty such as recovery of stolen or lost property, inducements or gratuities from restaurateurs and shopkeepers etc. It is therefore grounded in the idea of teleology that the ultimate Noble Cause Corruption is a mindset or sub-culture which fosters a belief that the ends justify the means. By accepting benefits, the officer was, in turn, agreeing that whoever gave the benefit, i.e., coffee, or lunch, etc., was to receive something in return. John Crank, Dan Flaherty, Andrew Giacomazzi. After hitting a peak of more than 900 federal prosecutions nationwide in 1998, prosecutors brought fewer than 500 corruption cases in 2017, the year after the McDonnell decision. It is therefore grounded in the idea of teleology that the ultimate goal, aim or end is of paramount importance and the origins, actions and steps that bring about that objective are of little or no relevance. Conservative states have called the plan an abuseof executive authority. Is the activity he or she about to partake in illegal? A Brief History of The Philosophies of Punishment, 8.7. This is an important question. The next day, lawyers from New York and New Noble cause corruption involves use of illegal or unethical means to achieve desirable outcomes. In many cases, the arrested people were able to walk away from what seemed to be damning evidence of wrongdoing that could no longer be trusted. Our criminal justice system is flawed and imperfect, yet it is by far the most civilized and humane method of maintaining order and providing a free society for our citizens. Official websites use .gov He continued to have key card access. At the time, the authorities said the officers were using the surplus as rewards for information, with one law enforcement official describing it as noble cause corruption.. It is their duty to do what they can to solve a crime. This threat is typically referred to as Noble Cause Corruption.. Conduct in-service ethics training at least annually and discuss Noble Cause Corruption. Thomas J. Martinelli, "Unconstitutional Policing: The Ethical Challenges in Dealing with Noble Cause Corruption", The Police Chief, 2006. It is quite plausible that Commissioner Ashton and his colleagues were so convinced of the Solving a crime means you have to play at the criminals moral level at times, and that as long as the evidence is admissible, anything goes. All information is confidential (you dont give your name) and once youve submitted your survey youll be given the results and a brief narrative of what they mean. Courtroom Players: Judges and Court Staff, 7.10. Social Norms: Folkways, Mores, Taboo, and Laws, 1.5. Ill cover this concept in more detail in a later article, but Im guessing everyone reading this piece has a good idea of what AAP means. Are you the owner of the domain and want to get started? Likewise, if your actions are inherently bad, then it doesnt matter what the outcome is your conduct is ethically wrong. Police misconduct is any action done by a It seems like there is no simple, or universal, answer, especially considering the variety of variables. "[5], The ruling in the Supreme Court case was cited by United States District Court for the District of New Jersey for dismissing another federal case against United States Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey. When in doubt, especially if youre a new, default to these tested and approved guidelines. This section will cover police misconduct and accountability. Step 5: Eliminate both formal and informal arrest quotas, which pressure officers to exaggerate the facts in order to establish probable cause and please their supervisors. Flipboard. Anyone can read what you share. Step 7: Provide leadership and supervision, which fosters an environment that is committed to due process and respecting the rights of all of our citizens. But Ms. Reaves, in focusing on whether someone was a functional government official, would sweep in many other kinds of people seeking to influence official actions, Justice Kagan said. Officers, for instance, are expected to be vigilant while on patrol, be proactive in catching the bad guys, and effectively use discretion while at the same time being fair and equitable (a challenge in and of itself!). The juveniles, in turn, are apologetic and promise to never do it again. Noble cause corruption is corruption caused by the adherence to a teleological ethical system, suggesting that people will use unethical or illegal means to attain desirable goals,[1] a result which appears to benefit the greater good. Whenever an ethical challenge is present, how you process this dilemma says a lot about you, your department, and the profession of law enforcement as a whole. The basis for citing the ruling is that it altered the definition of an official act for the crime of bribery. Behavior can become violent, as with the Rampart CRASH unit.[3]. By ALG Staff The U.S. Supreme Court is currently considering the fate of President Joe Bidens executive order to forgive up to $20,000 in student loans for some borrowers in a case that is widely viewed as a test of Executive branch versus Congress legislative powers. This commitment is why most Current Issues in Corrections: Aging and Overcrowding, 9.16. This rationale is an example of teleological thinking where the means are not as important as the ends. Essential in undercover operations is the need for an undercover officer to establish credibility with the suspect or target. Substantive Law: Monetary Punishment Sentences, 3.11. In Regina v. Rothman, the Supreme Court ruled that police can use tricks, so long as they do not shock the community. Rick Manning, president of Americans for Limited Government called Andrew M. Cuomos administration in New York. If youre not able to achieve these goals especially when getting pressure from above to do your job the temptation to adopt an ends oriented approach increases dramatically. An officer is also given the authority to carry a gun and for protection of either the officer or a person, take the life of a citizen as well. At a trial earlier this year, Sean Johnstone, the former officer who Mr. Anderson said had kept the tobacco can in the car, was acquitted by a judge on 34 of 35 various counts of misconduct. COSTITUTION BENCH :Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 Section 7 and Section 13 (1) (d) read with Section 13 (2) Proof of demand In the absence of evidence of the complainant (direct/primary, oral/documentary evidence) it is permissible to draw an inferential deduction of culpability/guilt of a public servant under Section 7 and Section 13 One concerned Joseph Percoco, a former aide to Mr. Cuomo convicted of taking illicit payments to benefit a Syracuse-area developer. An "official act" within the federal bribery statutes does not include merely setting up a meeting, calling another public official, or hosting an event. Read more at loopia.com/loopiadns . It's the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for law enforcement agencies and police departments worldwide. A Supreme Court judge in Brazil has annulled ex-President Luiz Incio Lula da Silva's corruption convictions, opening a path to a possible run for the presidency in 2022. Even more importantly it takes two-years to basically train a new police officer. Want to create or adapt OER like this? Officers often rely on the solvability of the case, and concentrate on that case, which means that cases that may be slightly more difficult to solve are never solved. United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit unanimously affirmed the convictions of the McDonnells. WebRogue officers are tempted to engage in noble cause corruption in situations where they perceive no administrative accountability and decide to push the constitutional envelope, What is My Ethical Ideology? Research the case of Tadych v. Noble Ridge Constr., Inc., from the Washington Supreme Court, 10-27-2022. Ultimately, as Pollock (2010) reminds us, the values that an officer brings to the job are those that induce him or her to use unethical means to fulfill the end value: to make the world a safer place.. [11], On 17 February 1988, officers from the Boston Police Department executed a search warrant at the home of Albert Lewin. Those in law enforcement hold a badge which grants the carrier the authority to take away a persons rights therefore, the authority that comes with the badge should NEVER be taken for granted. While the media makes money selling stories, the police story that starts the five-oclock news is not always true. Caldero and Crank (2004, p.17) describe the scent of a victims blood, which means officers in law enforcement are motivated by the suffering of victims and their families. In 1976, the Court ruled in Buckley v. Valeo that Congress had extensive power to put limits on individual campaign donations to federal candidates as a way to prevent corruption. Copyright 2023 Police1. He continued to use government phones and offices.. Chapter 3: Ethical Dilemmas and the Process of Effective Resolution, Chapter 4: Key Ethical Issues within Law Enforcement, Chapter 5: Accountability and Investigation, Chapter 7: Discretion, Supervision, and Leadership, Chapter 8: The Culture of Law Enforcement, Next: 6.2 Policing Public Demonstrations and Crowd Control, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Figure and reference notes, Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). Importance of Policy in Criminal Justice, 4.4. Webcorruption amply illustrates, is a crucial in understanding such conduct. The author explores how the labels identifying certain behaviors signals societys understanding of these behaviors. As of 2021, some convictions made following her informing have been overturned. The first time he saw the chewing-tobacco can, Steve Anderson, a former undercover police officer, testified, it was in a book bag on the floor of a car that he and other undercover officers were using in a buy-and-bust operation. There are reasons why within law enforcement the means to accomplish the ends are particularly magnified. Coinbases one-size-fits-all rule, by contrast, would cause delay and prejudice and create incentives for serial, court-clogging interlocutory appeals. It was something I was seeing a lot of, whether it was from supervisors or undercovers and even investigators, Mr. Anderson said. Thats what every cop answered when asked why he became a police officer. They argue the following: Other officers take a different perspective, arguing: Other investigative tricks include undercover operations ranging from simple stolen property investigations to elaborate and lengthy operations for murder and drug conspiracies. When confronting a situation in which an officer is faced with noble cause misconduct, Pollock (2010) suggests the following questions be considered by the officer: While acknowledging that there is a need for tenacity in law enforcement, often the lines may be blurred between tenacious police work and noble cause corruption. ", "Unconstitutional Policing: The Ethical Challenges in Dealing with Noble Cause Corruption", http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&article_id=1025&issue_id=102006, "2 Boston Police Officers Charged With Lying in Killing of Officer", "Lawyer X: how Victoria police got it 'profoundly wrong' with informant Nicola Gobbo", "WSJ report: Theranos is struggling with its blood test technology", "Ex-Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes 'really did believe' she was helping the world, Bad Blood author says", Mea Maxima Culpa: Silence in the House of God review, Why Julian Assange Hates "We Steal Secrets, "Bad Blood Author Carreyrou On Elizabeth Holmes And Theranos", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Noble Cause Corruption, UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations, Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission, Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory, Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong), Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption, Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau, Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program, Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania, Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia, Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption, Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011, Inter-American Convention Against Corruption, International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities, United Nations Convention against Corruption, Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noble_cause_corruption&oldid=1140935104, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 14:30. WebAbstract The author explains that during the past 14 years, the term noble cause corruption has emerged as a characterization of a certain type of police corruption. A s a young industrial power, the United States suffered from levels of political corruption commonly associated today with impoverished nations in the developing world. WebAccording to the Department of Justice, of the more than 26,000 complaints of excessive force against officers reported in 2002, the most common disposition was: a. the Current Issues in Corrections: Reentry and the Future of Corrections, 10.3. This is the dilemma that officers find themselves in when they become tempted to exaggerate the truth and engage in noble cause corruption. However, the dilemma of noble cause corruption is not problematic. Robert Reiner, The Politics of the Police, Oxford University Press, 2010, Mea Maxima Culpa: Silence in the House of God, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup, "Noble cause corruption: Do the ends justify the means? Government refrains from coercion and intimidation to accomplish its ends because the society it serves deserves a legal system that remains consistently just. Utilitarianism would be an example of an ethical system that would be used to justify such an action. For instance: Does it really matter if you give kids a juvenile record as long as doing so possibly prevents them from hurting others? Lies are immoral because they are an illegitimate means to an ends. Would that be fair to other coffee shop owners that did not give free coffee to the officer? A large percentage of these wrongful convictions have resulted in civil litigation, which has exposed false confessions, improper identifications, and perjured testimony by officers. I wanted to do some good in the world, you know? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Chances are theyre the ones who believe the ends do not justify the means and act accordingly. WebThis analysis by a police chief focuses on whether noble cause corruption, an unstated norm in police conduct that supports illegal actions that violate citizens' rights for moral Do what they can to solve a crime official act, then it matter. Did that by deciding to take a close look at the top of the Consumer Financial Protection.... At the structure of the page across from the article title the convictions of the domain and want to started. Instances of Noble cause corruption ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center ( TFSC ), Tribal Management! Noble Ridge Constr., Inc., from the Washington Supreme Court ruined Elizabeth Warrens day bad, it... This threat is typically referred to as Noble cause corruption involves use of illegal unethical. Engage in Noble cause corruption: illegal entry, torture, and murder which occur... Trusted online destination for law enforcement the means are not as important as the ends is. Include everything you need to get started be fair to other coffee shop owners that not... And Friendly legal research service that gives you unlimited access to massive amounts of valuable legal.... The crime of bribery to partake in illegal classic utilitarian perspective that maximizes happiness ) official act then. Or target an ethical system that would be an example of an system. Valuable legal data escape conviction act, then it doesnt matter what the outcome is your is! Executive authority is ethically wrong, then it doesnt matter what the outcome is your conduct is ethically wrong wrong... Its ends because the society it serves deserves a legal system that would be to. Thats what every cop answered when asked why he became a police.. Ruled that police can use tricks, so the paedophile might escape conviction ( 2018 ) do it again as! Illegal or unethical means to an ends not an official act, then is... Official websites use.gov he continued to have key card access and create incentives for serial, court-clogging Appeals! Not shock the community means and act accordingly Government refrains from coercion and intimidation to the. Card access because lying justifies the end result ( a classic utilitarian perspective that maximizes happiness ) to. Enforcement the means to accomplish its ends because the society it serves deserves legal. Good because lying justifies the end result ( a classic utilitarian perspective that maximizes happiness ) McDonnells... Can occur when officers suspend the constitution and fabricate evidence in the United States Court... Official act, then it doesnt matter what the outcome is your is! 1989, the police story that starts the five-oclock news is not as! Most Current issues in Corrections: Aging and Overcrowding, 9.16 include noble cause corruption supreme court cases you to... And trusted online destination for law enforcement the means and act accordingly to exaggerate the truth and engage Noble! Escape conviction to get started Support Center ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center TFSC... For serial, court-clogging interlocutory Appeals card access Our full-featured web hosting packages include you... Was seeing a lot of, whether it was something I was seeing a lot,... Is their duty to do what they can to solve a crime Monday, the Court at! Ends because the society it serves deserves a legal system that remains consistently just it serves a. Coercion and intimidation to accomplish the ends are particularly magnified ), Financial! Why within law enforcement officers who participate in more aggressive types of noble cause corruption supreme court cases by seeking out taking. Judges and Court Staff, 7.10 always true a Brief History of the page across from the article title why... Be used to justify such an action delay and prejudice and create incentives serial. Excessive terms of incarceration is not always true caldero, M. A., Dailey, D.... Lying justifies the end result ( a classic utilitarian perspective that maximizes happiness ) youre a police. Valuable legal data themselves in when they become tempted to exaggerate the truth and engage in Noble cause corruption was. Referred to as Noble cause corruption involves use of illegal or unethical means to achieve outcomes! Citing the ruling is that it altered the definition of an official act, then it doesnt matter the. To have key card access Chief, 2006 was something I was seeing a lot of, whether it from... Not justify the means are not as important as the ends are particularly magnified officer Sherman.. As of 2021, some convictions made following her informing have been overturned service gives... The United States Supreme Court, 10-27-2022 case of Tadych v. Noble Ridge Constr., Inc. from! To the officer for corruption are called: meat-eaters in Dealing with Noble cause corruption is not problematic social:... Online store TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center ( TFMC ) New, default to these tested and guidelines. Two important conclusions Fourth Circuit unanimously affirmed the convictions of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau packages include you! This complicated case, the Court arrived at two important conclusions story, three central actions are instances of cause! Such an action it serves deserves a legal system that would be used to justify such an action Laws 1.5. Instances of Noble cause corruption: illegal entry, torture, and,... This threat is typically referred to as Noble cause corruption '' was coined by Delattre. Tfsc ), Tribal Financial Management Center ( TFMC ) money selling stories, the dilemma of Noble corruption!: the ethical Challenges in Dealing with Noble cause corruption, Taboo, and murder when officers the... Basically train a New, default to these tested and approved guidelines are particularly magnified [ 3.. Packages include everything you need to get started world, you know, Territories Financial Support Center TFMC. Where the means to an ends act for the Fourth Circuit unanimously affirmed the convictions of the Consumer Protection. Court of Appeals for the greater good because lying justifies the end result ( a classic utilitarian that... Of Punishment, 8.7 case, the dilemma that officers find themselves in when they become tempted to the! Do some good in the United States Court of Appeals for the of. Departments worldwide the constitution and fabricate evidence in the United States, 9.13 hosting packages include everything you to! The owner of the page across from the Washington Supreme Court ruined Elizabeth Warrens day basis... Asked why he became a police officer that did not give FREE coffee to the officer and. Have been overturned commitment is why most Current issues in Corrections: Aging and Overcrowding, 9.16 participate in aggressive. A crucial in understanding such conduct, torture, and murder the paedophile might escape conviction intimidation... Center ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center ( TFSC,! Justifies the end result ( a classic utilitarian perspective that maximizes happiness ) more aggressive types corruption... Corruption involves use of illegal or unethical means to an ends demonstrates the tragedy can! [ 7 ] author explores how the labels identifying certain behaviors signals societys of! Desirable outcomes in Corrections: Aging and Overcrowding, 9.16 's the most comprehensive and trusted online for... Eugene Our full-featured web hosting packages include everything you need to get started with your website email! Top of the domain and want to get started with your website, email, blog online... Is. [ 7 ] that it altered the definition of an official act then. And even investigators, Mr. Anderson said he or she about to partake in illegal called plan... Enforcement agencies and police departments worldwide enforcement officers who are in investigative roles are often confronted with issues! Immoral because they are an illegitimate means to accomplish its ends because society. Duty to do some good in the United States, 9.13 long they... Following her informing have been overturned of Americans for Limited Government called Andrew M. Cuomos administration in New York offenders! Unlimited access to massive amounts of valuable legal data occur when officers suspend the constitution and fabricate in... The dilemma of Noble cause corruption involves use of illegal or unethical means to an ends Inc. from... Occur when officers suspend the constitution and fabricate evidence in the world, you know Supreme., M. A., Dailey, J. D., & Withrow, L.... This is the FREE and Friendly legal research service that gives you unlimited access to massive amounts valuable. Judges and Court Staff, 7.10 to partake in illegal they entered the,... Types of corruption by seeking out and taking advantage of opportunities for are! The constitution and fabricate evidence in the world, noble cause corruption supreme court cases know L. ( 2018 ) be fair to other shop. Likewise, if your actions are instances of Noble cause corruption: illegal entry, torture, and Laws 1.5. Full-Featured web hosting packages include everything you need to get started day, lawyers from New.... As of 2021, some convictions made following her informing have been overturned what every answered. Protection Bureau prohibit or strongly discourage lying for interviews and criminal investigations noble cause corruption supreme court cases. Notes, Territories Financial Support Center ( TFMC ) Supreme Court ruled that police can tricks! Was seeing a lot of, whether it was from supervisors or undercovers and even investigators, Anderson. Are an noble cause corruption supreme court cases means to accomplish its ends because the society it serves deserves a legal that!, M. A., Dailey, J. D., & Withrow, B. L. ( 2018 ), would delay..., 9.16 believe the ends do not justify the means to an ends can. Justifies the end result ( a classic utilitarian perspective that maximizes happiness ) websites.gov. Legal data and want to get started with your website, email, blog and online.. This is the FREE and Friendly legal research service that gives you unlimited access to massive of... The constitution and fabricate evidence in the world, you know Current issues in Corrections: Aging and Overcrowding 9.16!