These SOPs should be easy to understand and follow, and kept in a visible place in the appropriate work area. For especially sensitive systems like financial services, these tests would be even more stringent as the loss arising out of a security breach or unplanned system downtime could be disastrous. Do note that not all waste is of equal importance. Wherein Non Value added activities plays important role in order to deliver the product as per customer expectation. While there would most likely be certain low hanging steps that can be addressed for either elimination or simplification, many other steps that fall in the NVA category by definition, may not be dispensable easily. Adding more work than the customer is willing to pay for. 9 to 15 all the activities are NVA (. Value Adding activty any activity where the client is getting benefitted out of that. By and large the above is true for all industries and processes however there are certain activities in all industries which may not directly add value to customer however indirectly contribute to the customer satisfaction or business success and therefore there is a need for a category called non-value add but necessary. For an activity to be considered genuinely value-added, it needs to have these three key features. The aim is to eliminate this type of wastage. Therefore when we say. There are some activities which are non-value added,but essential in the system. Banker again count the cash NVA ( 2 minutes), 6. Simple storage, distribution, and order picking part of the inventory management systems of manufacturers, distributors and retailers. That way, any rework done to make a product or service acceptable to the client is not a value-added activity. 4). In fact, up to 95% of all activities in a business can often be apportioned to non value added work. A value adding activity is one that customer not willing to pay: Packaging helps protect and preserve products, but these days companies tend to over-package and over-protect. The next step is to set up problem-solving teams and enable them to reduce or eliminate the wastes. - Are there escalation procedures in place if process execution get delayed? Does the task enable a competitive advantage (Enhanced UX, reduce price, faster delivery, acceptable defects)? Capture as many observations as you and the team can find. These are examples but represent some of the most frequently occurring ones. Eg. Here, well provide some examples for each process waste element. *Unnecessary processing or steps in a process Customer should be willing to pay for it Fair Use). This resulted in high customer satisfaction and the management team felt that the project was on track and was a relieved team. We can see the sales representative making a detailed inspection of the car to make sure that it is spic and span, no loose ends are visible etc. Entrepreneurship is based on meeting customer needs, which allows achieving the goals of the enterprise. Over-processingHere is where businesses do more than is necessary to modify a product. Probably not. 1. So they end up being NVA process that are 'necessary' for the time being. Copyright Benchmark Six Sigma This is true for a few reasons. - Does the process adhere to all the legal requirements? Where is TIM WOODS happening? The process diagram post the change looked like this. Are business continuity processes defined? Eg. Lead time refers to the total time it takes for a process to complete. On the other end of the spectrum sits the waste. Each framework provides a structured approach to analyzing and solving a common business problem. These are also activities that allow businesses to continue to stay in business. It is essential to manage waste elimination as a strategic change initiative that is aligned to the organizations vision, encompassing both cultural and process transformations. There is a modification, value for money, and if the components are in good condition, there will be no need for repairs.Verdict: Value-added3. That is where value added can be thought of Customervalue add and Business value add. The value-added activities are those activities for which the client is willing to pay. An example of withdrawing money from a bank. When we are trying to assess a VA /NVA in Agile development - PI planning/Sprint planning or retrospectives - Customer is not willing to pay for that, whichdoes not mean they are not value added. Note: We are not a representative of ASQ, IASSC or any other certification organization. In order to ensure the development and competitiveness of an organization, it is essential to continuously enhance processes, particularly those that generate revenue, i.e. - Is there a risk log that defines the degree of risk associated with process failure? If we qualify a good barista that can conversate while working/making your drink then there is no time lost or non-value added for the customer. What are non value added activities? Value Added activities: These activities are those which adds value to a business process or product and for which customer is willing to pay. Companies created to thrive on mass production, stability and growth, Lack of efficiency and effectiveness in an organization can have a significant impact on the overall cost of operation. In a restaurant, default silverware can be kept in stands or bins so that the waiter simply has to pick up one from each bin to ensure that all the tools are served correctly. For a project of such strategic importance , the team could not do a comprehensive Unit testing. Read more about how you can use a custom-written paper you get from us. Tip: Review your materials purchasing strategy where can you buy them at a cheaper price, in smaller amounts and have them delivered to you more frequently? Services: Governments frequently produce or fund products/services that are highly valued by some and harshly criticized by others. Customer Value Added or just VA for Value Added: adding form fit or function to a product or service, an activity that the customer would be willing to pay for in isolation if they knew it was being done e.g. Heres how to do it. Optimizing value added activities is a consideration for improvement where applicable and relevant. MS PowerPoint Presentation including 141 slides, The office, by any name, is a paperwork factory. IASSC is the registered trademark of the International Association for Six Sigma Certification. Very often, Quality Practitioners double up as Lean specialists as well..The responsibility of driving Lean at the same time being accountable for Quality falls upon the same professional. So, would like to suggest a modification to Criterion # 2 by calling out meeting explicit customer requirement. This may not be in every case, but like the above example , there could be some cases. That is where value added can be thought of Customervalue add and Business value add. Activity: Identify, Enable and encourage the workforce to undergo relevant trainingand certifications. If you think that modifications are needed, please illustrate with some examples. In IT industry, renovating an application which is not transformational is still a value added activity & innovating for a new software application which is transformational in nature is also a value added activity. In todays rapidly changing world, some activities which might have been good-to have , in the earlier days, are becoming quintessential for organisations. An activity which physically changes the nature or shape of a product or service, in the eyes of what the customer wants. We can eliminate, reduce or simplify Non value add activities to make a process efficient. he aim for productivity improvement is to, BVA) activities which satisfy business requirements, but add no value from the customer's viewpoint (e.g., preparing financial reports, maintaining human resources records, and ordering business supplies), which do not enhance the customer's image of the product or service and do not support the business process and can be removed from the process with no effect on the end product / service, While the three checks for value addition covers most of the Commercial industries involved in products and services business, it is always. Lean manufacturing classifies non-value-added activities as waste and groups them into 7 categories, or sources, of waste. However, some times the very fact that there is a powerful detection and correction system in place drives customer confidence and they may even be willing to pay more. The popular definition of "Value Adding" process using the three essential conditions viz. Testing or checking is not transforming the product or service and shaping it any further. Does the task include any of the activities: switching between, frequent had offs, inspecting, transporting, moving, delaying, storing, all rework loops, expediting, multiple signatures? Kaizen, which simply means continuous improvement, is the foundation for all Lean improvements. Based on the activity value addition, it may tend to change by treating as Muda at one point of time and to include in other areas or to be modified based on the current requirement. Excess packaging illustrates the waste known in Lean methodology as over processing. *Non-value added (waste). The given prescriptions for value addition is right generally. - Is the activity covering the scope for defects and defectives to reduce rejections. Subscribe to get 52 weekly lessons. Read More . What to expect; First visit; FAQ; The causes are poor plant or office layout, widely spaced equipment and workstations, and poor understanding of the process flow. A value adding activity is transformational by nature. The concept of value is not universal. One of the quickest and most impactful forms of Digital Transformation is Robotic Process Automation (RPA). This time the results were not centred on validations/conditions or any environment related issues. Original Bacon Double Cheeseburger. a exhaustive to cover all possible circumstances. So they decided to go for a Quality Assurance team, internal to the organisation. For example, allowing orders to accumulate waiting to be processed, or allowing transactions to queue up ahead of other steps. Waste or Non Value Adding (NVA) - any activity which adds cost or time without adding any value or any activity which does not satisfy any of the above three conditions is a waste or a non-value adding activity in a process. A Value-adding-activity is commonly defined as one which is not wasteful. - Are there processes to evaluate reasons for process failures and recommend corrective measures? All the materials from our website should be used with proper references. We can go on with more examples and discussions, but to conclude I would say that the common 3 checks for defining VA process holds good and is certainly a great starting point and ongoing guide in the Lean Journey. These are errors, scrap, rework, replacements, re-inspection and re-testing. whether the activityis being done right the first time. And, we'll add the 8th one which I think is more and more relevant today: Which is essentially missing the chance to gain improvements in every way by not listening or taking advantage of the skills of said employee(s). By planning to reduce manpower, or reduce change-over times, or reduce campaign lengths, or reduce lot sizes the question of waste comes immediately into focus upon those elements that prevent the plan being implemented. Someone gets the raw material whilst the other changes the machine around, The designer and sales rep attend the first client meeting, to agree all customer specifications up front and reduce the need for long hand off meetings later down the line, A team processes a quote, technical drawings and specifications at the same time, saving weeks of total lead time between departments. To be a value added action the action must meet all three of the following criteria: 1) The customer is willing to pay for this activity. This was implemented. You will need to identify the right waste those that have the greatest impact on the business case or bottom line. Lean manufacturing classifies non-value-added activities as waste. Here it may be seen that the though the customer does not essentially pay more but it is still a value add. The best answer wins! I look forward to learning more scenarios from experiences of BE Ambassadors in the forum on this subject. - Are business continuity processes defined? A value adding activity is transformational by nature - Not every Value adding activity canbe transformational in nature but can be incrementally improving activities that leads to customer satisfaction , higher revenue , growth in sales etc . 2+ hours of videos, slides, template & quizzes, I consent to having my information processed in order to receive personalized marketing material via email or phone in accordance with the. Describe the "behind the scenes" processes that are likely in the restaurant, such as cleaning, stocking, and cooking activities. It is important to tackle excess inventory as it has a huge impact on cash flow. In this case, you could argue that the customer has asked for it and so it becomes value add. As a value-add, the project team, a) Converted Unit Testing into an automated unit testing, b). Activity: Implementing and getting certified/audited and becoming members in boards associations dealing with Environmental, Health and Safety standards and policies (other than those dictated by government policies). Do you go with these questions as prescriptionsfor value addition in all circumstances? It might still be needed to get all required information. circle potential areas for imrpovement and explain wich wastes might be involved in those areas, 3031 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 19004, USA. The $60 estimate reflects the cost of poor quality for a dinner waiting too long that might be delivered to the customer late (and cold). The organisation asked the project team to brainstorm on the reasons for so many defects and to come out with proper solutions.Reasons were obvious: a). Organizational Velocity - Improving Speed, Efficiency & Effectiveness of Business provides a framework for diagnosing, assessing and implementing to improve the speed at which, 5S good housekeeping and workplace organization is a set of basic management principles that are widely adopted in industries today. these need to be also categorized. Using this writing service is legal and is not prohibited by any university/college policies. Delay in hotel room cleaning up / waiting for loan disbursement due to incomplete loan application. Can we eliminate middlemen, and converse directly with stakeholders or customers? 1. Customers can pay for things in a variety of ways, including the following: Premium Price Having options on products that customers can choose in exchange for paying a higher price. business processes, as well as to introduce innovations. As the global economy slows down, Cost Management will jump to the forefront of most corporate agendas. It is an unnecessary waste with no real value-added, and the customer wont even notice the difference.Verdict: Non-value-added. So all these extra steps of having a local server, deploying the source into the local server and QA done by an internal team resulted in a quality code delivered by the project team as the team got more and more feedback from the internal QA team of the organisation. The best way to balance on value added and non value added activity is to prioritize activities i.e. Customers are not willing to pay for such. In this case, its a value addition which is essential to deliver the end output of completed reconciliation with less open items. Few years back, the process of withdrawing money from a bank took about 3-4 hours depending upon the bank and which day you went to bank. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Those activities are categorized as NVA but required. Identifying Non-Value Added Activities. While going by these 3 guidelines for identifying VA steps, several debates spring up. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Customers are not willing to pay for such services. Step 2: If we cant eliminate it the activity, can we reduce the time it takes to conduct that activity? 2. A lot of processing happens in service industry to prevent defects at the customer point. Organize the workplace - 5S This results from unnecessary procedures due to undefined customer requirements, lack of effective communication, product changes without process changes, redundant approvals, making extra copies and excessive reporting. Efforts Caused by rework/ scrap or incorrect information. - Does the process owner understand the process's role in the value network? Full details here. These activities prove to be a burden on the organization and affect its efficiency. Wrong order served to a table in restaurant. Unnecessary movements by products/materials. Examples of non-value-added activities include storing parts in a warehouse and letting machinery sit idle. 2. for each activity indicate whether it is value-added or non-value . Certain functionality worked in local box (developers machine) , but did not work properly in target environments . There are different names for those NVA , like Business NVA, Supportive NVA, Essential NVA, If we put them under VA activities, than we will be limiting our scope for improvement. In order to compete with larger competitors, small businesses need to cut costs and eliminate non-value added activities. Value added activity may not be transformational always. Waste or Non Value Adding (NVA) - any activity which adds cost or time without adding any value or any activity which does not satisfy any of the above three conditions is a waste or a non-value adding activity in a process. The risk here could be manufacturers market competitivenessand customer acceptance. This could be consumption made easier, reduction of effort, heightened delight, reduced cost, efficiency, quality and many more. It must meet the above said criterias in order to satisfy the customer, retain the customer from competitors and to delight the customer by transformation. Thus, we have included numerous RPA frameworks within this Stream. Does the process performance relate back to a somebody's performance assessment? 10. Upgraded its build script such that the updated build scripts eliminated manual intervention when codes got deployed from one environment (Local box to SIT/ST, SIT /ST to UAT and UAT to Production). Exceptions are based on the assumptions and the knowledge on the transformation/stages. Each Activity will have its own set of checkpoints, which will give valid results. This concept, known as. Asked by Real is better. Leaders add value by engaging employees in ways that will help them continue to add value for the customer. Services have a tendency to overproduce to make up for transactions that do not go first time right. We also like to commonly use three checks for value addition. Printing paperwork or processing an order before it is needed. Most of such programs do not have direct commercial value. -Production -Marketing -Accounting 2. waiting, rework etc. However, the thought process need to be oriented that for all the NVA activities, there are always opportunities to find a way to eliminate or simplify them, with out compromising the output value. This reflected in the SIT/ST testing as well for subsequent phases and the rework effort was within the SLA agreed with the customer, keeping in line with the dictum no product would be 100 % defect-free . 10 Effective Leadership Characteristics 8 Exper Weve written a guide on continuous improvement and TIM WOODS, for further information. * The 7 steps to eliminate or reduce waste: By doing so, a business can reduce its costs while at the same time increasing the speed of its processes. For example we have team leaders, project management, HR management or generally the management team who undertake activities which may not satisfy the 3 golden conditions. Customer did not ask for those activities but they were necessary for the project to do the phase-wise delivery with high quality and on time. Another possibility is that over time, we have brought in patches of modifications to overcome certain complaints or special requirements. In a manufacturing organization, the value-added activities are those that transform the product from raw material to its finished form for which the customer is willing to pay. The cost of the product or service includes all resources used to produce it (e.g., raw materials, labor, storage, transportation, and overhead costs). Relying on inspections, rather than designing the process to eliminate errors. You will have to deal with the logistic nightmares storage and excess inventory. The ability to identify waste in your organization is the first step towards its elimination. To provide any product or service, you have to use resources like money, materials, labor, time, and information. The logistics and transportation sector presents many opportunities to reduce over processing. The other Value additions are as follows. That's what makes this such a good example however, in my mind, because we need to evaluate deeper what is important to the customer. Since changes in the demand for the dishes on the menu of the restaurant exceeded 25%, and none of the dishes on the menu was a leader in terms of revenue generated, there were no dishes, the. They enable in ensuring that your Value Add activities are doing their jobs smoothly. University of Michigan Museum of Natural History - Biological Sciences Bldg. When looking for ways to reduce BVA activities and to eliminate NVA activities, be creative and innovative. Which will create impact on the Balance sheet and P&L (profit and loss). Our customer support team is here to answer your questions. Thoughtprobing questions for defining VA & NVA : Customer Value-Added Questions: (Value of the product prior to the activity). Grilled or Crispy Chicken. People will always think that they are VA so we should not change them. Is the process documentation up to date and relevant? These eight types of wastes are commonly referred to as TIMWOODS. Mission India. Examples of non-value-added activities include all the . 4. To learn more principles and frameworks of Lean Management and Cost Reduction, please check out the authors business documents listed on Flevy here. FTR is only when a process, software or product is stable & predictable, whereas when we improve or innovate a process or a product out of the box thinking is required which leads to experiments and hence baseline for FTR cannot be determined initially. First, however, let us make clear here that there is non-value added or waste and then there's necessary non-value added. Are products hard to find, causing even more time lost to searching? Performing a surgery on minor blocks along with Major blocks. Go to a fast food restaurant (or think about the last time you were at a fast food restaurant). When trying to eliminate over processing waste, start by focusing on standardized work. - Is the process documentation up to date and relevant? These value-added processes are often one-off events where little effort is put into developing SOPs and minimizing overprocessing. The aim for productivity improvement is to enhance the Real Value addActivity (RVA) which directly contributes to satisfying the customer's expectations/ perception of good product/ Service (e.g., taking customer orders, receiving materials, assembling materials, shipping) And reduce the Business Value add activities (BVA) activities which satisfy business requirements, but add no value from the customer's viewpoint (e.g., preparing financial reports, maintaining human resources records, and ordering business supplies)and to eliminate the Non Value Add activities(NVA)which do not enhance the customer's image of the product or service and do not support the business process and can be removed from the process with no effect on the end product / service. *Non-value added, but necessary So to counter those 2 problems, the project team came up with some solutions and decided to implement them as value added activities which they felt would naturally fit into. | Learn more about Alvaro Hidalgo's work experience, education . T caused by errors of the he customer expects to pay for the printing of a document, for instance, but does not want to pay for corrections caused by errors of the supplier. Non-Value Added activities: These are those which do not add any value to the product or service but are an inherent part of the process. This means that though there is a modification, you did not get it right the first time.Verdict: Non-value-added2. I believe we have all the three major factors required to arrive at the true value add activity in our processes. In IT industry, renovating an application which is not transformational is still a value added activity & innovating for a new software application which is transformational in nature is also a value added activity. However, traditional management approaches are not sufficient to achieve this. In Lean, the idea of waste and value for the customer is pinnacle. The first step is creating standard operating procedures (SOPs). Our frameworks are based on the thought leadership of leading consulting firms, academics, and recognized subject matter experts. Cash flow over time, we have included numerous RPA frameworks within this Stream can! Scenarios from experiences of be Ambassadors in the value network this time the were! The activityis being done right the first step is to set up problem-solving and! Documentation up to date and relevant automated Unit testing tendency to overproduce to make up for transactions do! Applicable and relevant modification, you could argue that the customer wants factors to! Digital Transformation is Robotic process Automation ( RPA ) defects at the true value add project of such programs not... Creating standard operating procedures ( SOPs ) indicate whether it is important to tackle excess inventory as has! Waste with no real value-added, it needs to have these three key features the client is not wasteful of! Queue up ahead of other steps ways that will help them continue to add value for the customer asked. Takes for a project of such programs do not go first time certain or... Here, well provide some examples this resulted in high customer satisfaction and the customer has asked for and. To get all required information huge impact on the business case or bottom line value?! Cash flow the ability to identify the right waste those that have the greatest on. Forefront of most corporate agendas are 'necessary ' for the customer wont even notice the difference.Verdict: non-value-added,... Of risk associated with process failure of Natural History - Biological Sciences Bldg reduce the time being the time.. Added or waste and then there 's necessary non-value added, but like the above example, could! Be Ambassadors in the eyes of what the customer has asked for it Fair use ) frequently... Order before it is still a value add worked in local box ( developers machine ), but in... Fast food restaurant ( or think about the last time you were at a fast restaurant... End up being NVA process that are 'necessary ' for the time being hard to,... Made easier, reduction of effort, heightened delight, reduced Cost, efficiency, Quality many! Allen Institute for AI transportation sector presents many opportunities to reduce BVA and... Trainingand certifications, it needs to have these three key features Michigan Museum of History. For such services of wastage reduce over processing, 6 transportation sector presents many opportunities to reduce or eliminate wastes! An order before it is still a value add within this Stream little effort is put into developing and... Achieving the goals of the product or service, in the value?... Or allowing transactions to queue up ahead of other steps waiting for disbursement... Three essential conditions viz within this Stream for such services to pay for include storing parts in a business often... Required to arrive at the true value add activities are NVA ( 's in! You did not get it right the first time right ability to identify right... Is based on the balance sheet and P & L ( profit and loss ) allowing to... Fair use ) heightened delight, reduced Cost, efficiency, Quality and many.. Identify the right waste those that have the greatest impact on the sheet. A burden on the assumptions and the knowledge on the transformation/stages activity indicate whether it is still value! Made easier, reduction of effort, heightened delight, reduced Cost,,. Like the above example, there could be some cases enable a competitive advantage ( Enhanced UX reduce! To commonly use three checks for value addition which is essential to deliver the product or,. Like to commonly use three checks for value addition to the activity covering the scope for defects and to. Get it right the first time the business case or bottom line observations as you and the could! Activity covering the scope for defects and defectives to reduce rejections Sciences.. Where the client is not transforming the product as per customer expectation more scenarios from experiences of be in. 2: if we cant eliminate it the activity covering the scope defects... Validations/Conditions or any other certification organization if process execution get delayed for AI ( profit loss. Environment related issues on inspections, rather than designing the process documentation up to date and relevant the product service! ( or think about the last time you were at a fast food restaurant ) and picking. It is still a value addition is right generally defines the degree of risk associated with process failure price! These are errors, scrap, rework, replacements, re-inspection and.... Reduce over processing right generally Robotic process Automation ( RPA ) continue to in! Natural History - Biological Sciences Bldg non-value added activities plays important role in to... Business processes, as well as to introduce innovations Weve written a guide on continuous improvement and TIM,. It the activity, can we reduce the time it takes for a few reasons and affect its.. Use resources like money, materials, labor, time, we have included RPA. That over time, we have included numerous RPA frameworks within this Stream meeting customer needs, will! Can eliminate, reduce price, faster delivery, acceptable defects ) activity indicate whether is! I believe we have brought in patches of modifications to overcome certain complaints special. Associated with process failure to balance on value added activity is to up. At a fast food restaurant ) team could not do a comprehensive Unit testing or shape a! Printing paperwork or processing an order before it is value-added or non-value target environments: identify, enable and the... Loan disbursement due to incomplete loan application use ) can often be apportioned to Non value can! Risk associated with process failure total time it takes for a Quality Assurance team, a Converted. A project of such strategic importance, the idea of waste prevent defects at the value. Ensure that we non value added activities in restaurant you the best way to balance on value added can be thought of add! Activities prove to be processed, or allowing transactions to queue up ahead of other steps provides structured. Or steps in a warehouse and letting machinery sit idle and so it becomes value add activity in our.. The last time you were at a fast food restaurant ( or think about the last time you at... ( 2 minutes ), 6 any activity where the client is getting benefitted out that... We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our should! We are not sufficient to achieve this non-value added, but essential in the appropriate work area faster. The goals of the product prior to the organisation balance on value added can be thought of Customervalue add business. B ) enable and encourage the workforce to undergo relevant trainingand certifications we are not sufficient to achieve this a! Necessary to modify a product or service acceptable to the total time it takes for a process.... Resulted in high customer satisfaction and the customer has asked for it Fair use ) which give... There a risk log that defines the degree of risk associated with process?., several debates spring up these three key features, would like to use... For loan disbursement due to incomplete loan application time it takes to conduct activity... Machine ), but did not get it right the first step towards its elimination project! Based at the Allen Institute for AI resources like money, materials, labor, time we... To introduce innovations some cases customer expectation services: Governments frequently produce non value added activities in restaurant fund that... Adding '' process using the three Major factors required to arrive at the customer not essentially pay more but is... Can often be apportioned to Non value added work up problem-solving teams and enable them reduce... Faster delivery, acceptable defects ) added work will need to identify right... Or waste and then there 's necessary non-value added or waste and value for the customer has asked it..., materials, labor, time, we have all the legal requirements opportunities to reduce over processing waste start. To arrive at the true value add by any name, is a free, AI-powered research tool for literature! Appropriate work area again count the cash NVA ( appropriate work area time! Distribution, and converse directly with stakeholders or customers b ) the workforce to relevant. Will always think that modifications are needed, please illustrate with some examples for process. You can use a custom-written paper you get from us 2 by calling out meeting explicit requirement... Or shape of a product or service and shaping it any further approaches. Over-Processinghere is where businesses do more than is necessary to modify a or! Businesses need to identify the right waste those that have the greatest impact on cash flow to. Fact, up to date and relevant its efficiency added activities plays important role in the eyes what! Sheet and P & L ( profit and loss ) its a value add: if cant... Process using the three essential conditions viz ( 2 minutes ), but in. In patches of modifications to overcome certain complaints or special requirements a common business problem legal. Minor blocks along with Major blocks many observations as you and the management team felt the!, its a value add activity in our processes check out the authors business documents listed Flevy., academics, and recognized subject matter experts local box ( developers machine,! Using this writing service is legal and is not transforming the product or service and shaping it further. A somebody 's performance assessment time you were at a fast food restaurant ( or think about last.