In April 2000, Commander Jos Arcela Chiroque, called "Ormeo", was captured, followed by another leader, Florentino Cerrn Cardozo, called "Marcelo", in July 2003. The same poll found that 13 percent believed that society would be more just if the Shining Path won the war and 22 percent believed society would be equally just under the Shining Path as it was under the government. So four years ago, Starn revisited the revolutionary group's story, long after its fall from power. They were generally poorly equipped, despite being provided arms by the state. [135], 2010s: Capture of Artemio and continued downfall, Colin By 1980 his group had grown to more than 500 members, and was ready to declare war on the Peruvian state, burning several ballot boxes in a small town in Ayacucho province in May, the day before national elections. [87] In the aftermath, a Sendero leader called this "the strongest [anti-government] blow in quite a while". 1 The Shining Path initiated its guerrilla struggle in 1980 by burning ballot boxes in Chuschi, an Andean town 100 km south of Ayacucho, and in the early Peru's . The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining. Guzmn did not, and he emerged from the First Military School as the clear leader of the Shining Path. The group allegedly obtains its revenue from cocaine trafficking. I'm sorry its not a action movie like the other ones, but its a break from the norm right? Shop high-quality t-shirts, masks, onesies, and hoodies for the perfect gift. [1] Eight of the victims were between fifty and seventy years old. [129][130] Along with the corpses, some of which were burned, leaflets signed by the MPCP were found, featuring the hammer and sickle and defining the attack as a social cleansing operation. [13] Alfredo Crespo, the secretary general of MOVADEF and Guzmn's former lawyer, was included among those arrested. Party membership is open to all those who support the cause of communist revolution and the principles of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, Gonzalo Thought, regardless of what their sexual preferences may be. 25 February 2004. [10], Into the 2020s, Shining Path has existed in remaining splinter groups. The more familiar name distinguishes the group from several other Peruvian communist . The iconic actress, 73, who . "The War for the Central Sierra," p. 211 in. The government reported that through October 2014, the Shining Path conducted 18 terrorist acts, resulting in the deaths of two soldiers and two civilians, as well as injuries to six soldiers,. [126], The Shining Path has denied such allegations, stating, "It is probable that the PCP has executed a homosexual, but rest assured that it was not done because of their sexual orientation but because of their position against the revolution. [131][132] According to the leaflets found in the attack location, the perpetrators call upon to "clean VRAEM and Peru" of outcasts, "parasites and corrupts" as well as "homosexuals, lesbians, drug addicts" and "thieves". The group also held its "First Military School", where members were instructed in military tactics and the use of weapons. [44], Many peasants were unhappy with the Shining Path's rule for a variety of reasons, such as its disrespect for indigenous culture and institutions. [13] It has two main branches: the Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights (MOVADEF) and the Front for Unity and Defense of the Peruvian People (FUDEPP). The 26 youngsters, some just babies, were rescued along with 13 adults . [119] A statistical analysis of the available data led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to estimate that the Shining Path was responsible for the death or disappearance of 31,331 people, 46% of the total deaths and disappearances. It was believed to be responsible for bombing a shopping mall. [23][112], Following a five-year intelligence operation that began in 2015 and was codenamed Operation Olimpo, 71 alleged members of the Shining Path's United Front and People's Guerrilla Army were arrested on 2 December 2020. United States Department of State. The Shining Path carried out massacres of peasant communities perceived as being against their struggle, as well as attacking the security forces and other representatives of the state. Abimael Guzman, the founder of the Peruvian rebel group Shining Path, known as 'Sendero Luminoso' in Spanish, died in prison on Saturday, according to the country's National Penitentiary Institute. [8][23] His government issued a law in 1991 that gave the rondas a legal status, and from that time, they were officially called Comits de auto defensa ("Committees of Self-Defense"). They scorned religious and cultural traditions as impediments to class solidarity, ransacking churches and targeting civilians who refused to disavow their indigenous languages and cultures. [23] His teachings created the foundation of its militant Maoist doctrine. At the same time, in the rural areas of the adjoining However, atrocities were committed by the National Intelligence Service and the Army Intelligence Service, notably the La Cantuta massacre, the Santa massacre and the Barrios Altos massacre, which were committed by Grupo Colina. [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98] This loss of leadership, coupled with a sweep of Shining Path (Upper Huallaga Valley) supporters executed by the PNP in November 2010, prompted Comrade Artemio to declare in December 2011 to several international journalists that the guerrilla war against the Peruvian Government has been lost and that his only hope was to negotiate an amnesty agreement with the Government of Peru. Choose your favorite shining path posters from 1,573 available designs. [citation needed] The followers of this group are generally called senderistas. F1 pre-season testing has ended for 2023 with Red Bull clear favourites and Fernando Alonso emerging as a dark horse in the Aston Martin. 37 35 XD. On 22 December 2005, the Shining Path ambushed a police patrol in the Hunuco region, killing eight. All the spells the spirit in question had set up to create traps illuminated themselves. Abimael Guzmn, the founder and leader of the Shining Path, admitted that the Shining Path carried out the attack and explained the rationale behind it in an interview with El Diario, a pro-Shining Path newspaper based in Lima. Leftist Shining Path militants killed at least 16 people, including two children, in a remote region of Peru and burned some of the bodies beyond recognition, according to the military. In doing so, it had also illuminated a safe path into the house. [17] MOVADEF has three sub-branches; the Central Historical Committee, the Provisional Central Committee and the National Executive Committee (CEN). The guerrillas' primary revenue sources are offering protection and escort services for drug traffickers. [100] Walter Diaz, the lead candidate to succeed Artemio,[101] was captured on 3 March,[102] further ensuring the disintegration of the Alto Huallaga valley faction. All documents, periodicals, and other materials produced by the organization are signed as the Communist Party of Peru (PCP). Was Haiti's President Mose Killed for Valuable State Contracts? [114], The Shining Path declared itself to be feminist and many women took up leadership positions. Anton Chekhov. The Shining Path (Spanish: Sendero Luminoso), officially the Communist Party of Peru (Partido Comunista del Per, abbr. The Khmer Rouge bashed babies' skulls into trees, shot just about everyone who could read, deliberately killed people in the Killing Fields and concentration camps. The rondas would attack the Shining Path guerrillas, with the first such reported attack occurring in January 1983, near Huata. PCP), is a communist guerrilla group in Peru following Marxism-Leninism-Maoism and Gonzalo Thought.Academics often refer to the group as the Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (Partido Comunista del Per - Sendero Luminoso, abbr. "[120] The MRTA was held responsible for 1.5% of the deaths. Two French aid workers were killed on 4 December that same year.[40]. "[127][bettersourceneeded], The Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP), a splinter of the Shining Path, killed 18 people (ten men, six women and two children) in San Miguel del Ene, a rural area in the Vizcatn del Ene District of Satipo Province, on 23 May 2021. The university had recently reopened after being closed for about half a century,[27] and many students of the newly educated class adopted the Shining Path's radical ideology. LIMA, Sept 11 (Reuters) - Abimael Guzman, leader of the Shining Path rebels who nearly toppled the Peruvian state in a bloody Maoist revolution, died on Saturday while in prison and following. [3] Guzmn was additionally ordered to pay S./250,000 to the victims. [73] By late October 2003, there were 96 terrorist incidents in Peru, projecting a 15% decrease from the 134 kidnappings and armed attacks in 2002. [110] Shining Path snipers killed three police officers in the Ene Apurimac Valley on 18 March 2017. [23] When Peru's military government allowed elections for the first time in twelve years in 1980, the Shining Path was one of the few leftist political groups that declined to take part. You support boiling babies?" [128] The Ministry of Defense said that the attack was perpetrated by the Shining Path faction led by Comrade Jos. "Human rights" do not exist except for the bourgeois man, a position that was at the forefront of feudalism, like liberty, equality, and fraternity were advanced for the bourgeoisie of the past. David Rapoport), 2001. The Shining Path funds its terrorist activities, at least in part, with proceeds from the cocaine trade. It was the first "act of war" by the Shining Path. LIMA, Peru (AP) Abimael Guzmn, the leader of the brutal Shining Path insurgency in Peru who was captured in 1992, died on Saturday in a military hospital after an illness. The Shining Path sucked ass and murdered tons of the indigenous people it claimed to represent. The Peruvian government also cracked down on the Shining Path in other ways. One soldier was killed and three others wounded in the assault. [103] After Caviedes, alias "Braulio",[103] was captured, Humala declared that the Shining Path was now unable to operate in the Alto Huallaga Valley. By 1990, the Shining Path had about 3,000 armed members at its greatest extent. Escalating its activities in Lima, in June 1985, it blew up electricity transmission towers in Lima, producing a blackout, and detonated car bombs near the government palace and the justice palace. But theres one problem: hes, Last week, InSight Crime published an analysis of the role of Amsterdams Schiphol Airport as an arrival hub for cocaine and methamphetamine from Mexico. Their representatives stated that the then-existing socialist countries were revisionist, and the Shining Path was the vanguard of the world communist movement. The Shining Path rejected the concept of human rights; a Shining Path document stated: We start by not ascribing to either the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or the Costa Rica [Convention on Human Rights], but we have used their legal devices to unmask and denounce the old Peruvian state. The Shining Path or the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (Militarizado Partido Comunista de Peru - MPCP) is the last remnant of Perus guerrilla movement from the end of the 20th Century. In 1983, it sabotaged several electrical transmission towers, causing a citywide blackout, and set fire and destroyed the Bayer industrial plant. The Shining Path controlled most of the Andes and central Amazon by the late 1980s, and many observers thought it would take Lima in the early 1990s. The most extensive database on organized crime in the Americas. Our task was to deal a devastating blow in order to put them in check, to make them understand that it was not going to be so easy. IHSP Credits: Ancient History Sourcebook Lucretius (98-c.55 BCE): On the Nature of Things In response, then President Alejandro Toledo declared a state of emergency in Hunuco and gave the police the power to search houses and arrest suspects without a warrant. Description. Shortly after the raid that captured Guzmn, most of the remaining Shining Path leadership fell as well. I have seen nothing like this written anywhere. "Shining Path and Peasant Responses in Rural Ayacucho". The group had significant support among peasant communities, and it had the support of some slum dwellers in the capital and elsewhere. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, https://blacklikemao.medium.com/on-boiling-babies-combating-bourgeois-and-dogmato-revisionist-myths-about-the-communist-party-1bdb5a366ad6. The group's methods were particularly brutal, including stoning victims to death, or placing them in boiling water. Bring 2 cups of water to a rolling boiling, remove from heat and add 1 cup of salt stirring until the salt dissolves. Garca Luna Convicted, But Corruption Concerns Endure in US-Mexico Partnership, Super Labs and Master Chefs - The Changing Face of Europe's Drug Trade, How Peru's Coca Production is Helping the Global Cocaine Boom, InSight Crime Interviewed by Associated Press, World Looks to InSight Crime for Mexico Expertise. On 17 May, 1980, the Maoist revolutionary group Shining Path went to war against the Peruvian state. President Ollanta Humala said the capture of Artemio marked the defeat of the Shining Path in the Alto Huallaga valley a center of cocaine production. They includ. Some factions either smuggle drugs or provide protection for cocaine growers and processors. ! [8][64] The last remaining group, called the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP) of about 450 individuals remained in the Valle de los Ros Apurmac, Ene y Mantaro (VRAEM) region, reportedly making revenue by escorting cocaine traffickers and are reportedly led by two brothers; Vctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino. An inspection of the garbage of the apartment produced empty tubes of a skin cream used to treat psoriasis, a condition that Guzmn was known to have. [34] Members of the Peruvian Armed Forces began to wear black ski-masks to hide their identities, in order to protect themselves and their families. The name is derived from a maxim of Jos Carlos Maritegui, the founder of the original Peruvian Communist Party (from which the rest of communist parties split; now commonly known as the "PCP-Unidad") in the 1920s: "El Marxismo-Leninismo abrir el sendero luminoso hacia la revolucin" ("MarxismLeninism will open the shining path to revolution").[11]. PCP-SL) to distinguish it from . Members of the Shining Path in Peru's VRAEM, Peace Leaders in Putumayo, Colombia Bet Their Lives on Coca Crop Substitution, Pablo Escobar and the Real Criminal Story of the Cocaine Bear, Haitis Rural Gangs Threaten Food Production as Hunger Crisis Looms, Venezuelan Migrants Remain Easy Prey for Organized Crime. They took him to the town square, stoned him, stabbed him, set him on fire, and finally shot him. What is Shining Path? This is what they understood. It had only a few dozen members, led by Abimael Guzman, a philosophy professor at the University of Ayacucho who had visited China and was deeply influenced by the ideas of Mao Zedong. This precipitated a break in the group, with rebels based in the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro River Valley (VRAEM) region declaring Guzman to be a traitor, while another group, based further north in the Huallaga Valley, remained loyal. The president has called for pacifying the country through an intervention in the VRAEM that combines military efforts with crop eradication, economic development, and poverty eradication programs. The Shining Path boiled babies alive, hung dogs on lampposts, (I think) did school shootings. Shining Path, a Maoist rebel group known in Spanish as Sendero Luminoso, was active in the 80's and 90's but began to fade after its founder, Abimael Guzman, known as Camarada Gonzalo, was. More than 80 were annihilated, that is the truth. Now there is no link between the rebels still in the field and the high commanders in prison. He was 86. The People's Guerrilla Army is the official name of the armed branch of the party. Shining Path was resisted on all counts, and its efforts to implement the changes had generally failed by late 1982. "[122][123], The Shining Path has been accused of violence against LGBT people. Source: https://blacklikemao.medium.com/on-boiling-babies-combating-bourgeois-and-dogmato-revisionist-myths-about-the-communist-party-1bdb5a366ad6, Further information: https://youtu.be/OHqJDs3OuhQ. But the group quickly dwindled after its . For over a year, the government refused to declare a state of emergency in the region where the Shining Path was operating. 29 April 2004. 471-472, pp. When Guzmn called for peace talks with the Peruvian government, the organization fractured into splinter groups, with some Shining Path members in favor of such talks and others opposed. [35] Additional massacres of civilians by the Shining Path would occur throughout the conflict.[23][36][37]. Then they got Taco Bell. [13] The branch filed to become a political party in Peru with the National Jury of Elections (JNE) in 2011, though the application was denied. [20] In association with MOVADEF, the group announced that it had 73 provincial committees and allegedly received 400,000 to 500,000 signatures for the JNE to participate in the 2016 Peruvian general election. ok then. [23] The group had gained control of much of the countryside of the center and south of Peru and had a large presence in the outskirts of Lima. Government forces destroyed villages and killed campesinos suspected of supporting the Shining Path. [109], On 9 April 2016, on the eve of the country's presidential elections, the Peruvian government blamed remnants of the Shining Path for a guerrilla attack that killed eight soldiers and two civilians. Men's T-Shirts Men's Tank Tops Women's T-Shirts Women's Tank Tops Long Sleeve T-Shirts Sweatshirts Kid's T-Shirts Baby Onesies Face Masks. The video expresses support for Guzman and the Shining Path, featuring various clips of the organization's activities, as well as showing the band in a cage to mimic Guzman's imprisonment. At times, the civilian population of small, neglected towns participated in popular trials, especially when the victims of the trials were widely disliked. This claim was subsequently challenged by the APRODEH, a Peruvian human rights group, which believed that those who were killed were in fact local farmers and not rebels. In the interview, he said: In the face of reactionary military actions we responded with a devastating action: Lucanamarca. [82] In October 2008, in Huancavelica Region, the guerrillas engaged a military convoy with explosives and firearms, demonstrating their continued ability to strike and inflict casualties on military targets. Don't tell me the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass. Currently, the remnant group of the Shining Path finds itself in a narrow but strategic drug trafficking corridor between the departments of Junn, Ayacucho and Huancavelica in the VRAEM, the countrys main drug producing region. Guzman believed communism required the waging of a "popular war" and criticized members of the PCP who merely wanted to organize the workers. "Without Presidente Gonzalo, we would have nothing. New York: Oxford University Press. [121] A 2019 study disputed the casualty figures from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, estimating instead "a total of 48,000 killings, substantially lower than the TRC estimate", and concluding that "the Peruvian State accounts for a significantly larger share than the Shining Path. [66], On 9 June 2003, a Shining Path group attacked a camp in Ayacucho and took 68 employees of the Argentinian company Techint and three police guards as hostages. This maxim was featured on the masthead of the newspaper of a Shining Path front group. During the existence of the First Military School, members of the Central Committee came under heavy criticism. [8][10] According to InSight Crime, Shining Path's stronghold in the VRAEM, headquartered in Vizcatn, is a similar strategy as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. [124] According to one woman who was kidnapped by the Shining Path in 1981, a homosexual man's penis was cut into pieces before he was murdered. He was 86. As popular war advances, peace is closer. 'The women are made pregnant so that their babies will fill Shining Path's ranks,' Vega explained. He was sentenced to life in prison and a fine of $183million. Our view is that homosexual orientation is not an ideological matter but one of individual preference. Military personnel were dispatched to areas dominated by the Shining Path, especially Ayacucho, to fight the rebels. [85], In November 2008, the rebels utilized hand grenades and automatic weapons in an assault that claimed the lives of 4 police officers. Committee to Support the Revolution in Peru, The Search for Truth: The Declassified Record on Human Rights Abuses in Peru, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shining_Path&oldid=1140887787, Crenshaw, Martha, "Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches" in: Inside Terrorist Organizations, (ed. The conflict resulted in the death of 12 soldiers and two to seven civilians. Peru's Shining Path kills 16, including children, ahead of polls 25 May 2021 AFP The attack happened in the Valley of the Rivers Apurmac, Ene and Matero (VRAEM) Sixteen people, including at. Starting in 1978, Guzmn, a former philosophy professor, headed a three-person committee that ran the armed Maoist guerrilla movement he called the Shining Path. The Shining Path carried out massacres of peasant communities perceived as being against their struggle, as well as attacking the security forces and other representatives of the state. [115][116], Although the reliability of reports regarding the Shining Path's actions remains a matter of controversy in Peru, the organization's use of violence is well documented. The Lucanamarca massacre was a mass murder that took place in and around the town of Lucanamarca on 3 April 1983, by Sendero Luminoso terrorists. Cocaine processing has taken root on European soil, Mexican and Dutch synthetic drug traffickers have partnered up, and a new. [29], By 1980, Shining Path had about 500 members. In September that same year, a comprehensive sweep by police in five cities found 17 suspected members. Curitomay was taken to the town square, stoned, stabbed, set on fire, and finally shot.[1]. Ronderos would later kill 13 guerrilla fighters in February 1983, in Sacsamarca. The most active and violent period of the insurgency lasted from 1980-1995. In 2003, the Peruvian National Police broke up several Shining Path training camps and captured many members and leaders. Sixteen people, including at least two children, have been killed in a rebel attack in Peru, the country's defence minister has confirmed. In his admirable treatise on metals, Agricola speaks of the rod in terms of disparagement; he considers its use as a relic of ancient magical forms, and he says that it is only irreligious workmen who employ it in their search after . If somebody brings up the Shining Path in a debate; leave. From then on, the Shining Path was a shadow of its former self, hiding in the jungles with a steadily dwindling amount of guerillas, forever being ashamed of being fucked by peasants with boomsticks and a japanese guy. [5], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}134828S 742106W / 13.80778S 74.35167W / -13.80778; -74.35167. The Shining Path quickly seized control of large areas of Peru. [60], On 12 September 1992, El Grupo Especial de Inteligencia (GEIN) captured Guzmn and several Shining Path leaders in an apartment above a dance studio in the Surquillo district of Lima. The perpetrators were quickly caught, and additional ballots were shipped to Chuschi. Currently, the Shining Path has alliances and businesses with local drug trafficking clans from the VRAEM. The massacre of 16 people in May 2021 near the village of San Miguel del Ene marks a major return to violent actions by the Shining Path and is likely to be met with a swift response from the government. . 1:59 LIMA, Peru - Abimael Guzmn, the leader of the brutal Shining Path insurgency in Peru who was captured in 1992, died on Saturday in a military hospital after an illness, the Peruvian. "Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the refusal of history. [18] The Peruvian government has accused MOVADEF of advocating terrorism.[19]. The attack took place in a region known by its acronym VRAEM, where 75 percent of Peru's coca leaf the primary ingredient in cocaine is produced. [citation needed], According to multiple sources, the Shining Path received support from Gaddafi's Libya.[50][51][52][53]. The drug trafficker, who provided the group with logistical support, had become a police informant. The Communist Party of Peru - Shining Path (PCP-SL), was formed in 1970 as a breakaway faction from the Peruvian Communist Party (PCP). Its founder and absolute leader, Abimael Guzmn, arrived there from his native Arequipa in 1962 and over the next two decades converted a tiny Maoist splinter party into a revolutionary force. [8][10] In 1999, brothers Vctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino split from the Shining Path and established the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP), which consists of about 450 individuals[when?] 2. For approximately the past decade, the Shining Path has sought to control all aspects of the cocaine trade in the UHV and the VRAE, which contain some of the world's most fertile coca leaf producing areas. "2.45. The Shining Path's attacks were not limited to the countryside. [61], The capture of Guzmn left a huge leadership vacuum for the Shining Path. Some did not like the brutality of its "popular trials" that sometimes included "slitting throats, strangulation, stoning, and burning. . The Shining Paths activity died down significantly until the mid-2000s, when there was a resurgence, including attacks on multinational corporations, particularly from the VRAEM branch. Abimael Guzmn in "the Interview of the Century", an interview with, Abimael Guzmn y Elena Iparraguirre pasarn el resto de sus vidas en prisin, Ratifican cadena perpetua a Abimael Guzmn, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983_Lucanamarca_massacre&oldid=1137577370, This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 10:50. According to the attorney general, the Piura-based groups used the local population to harvest and store the drugs, and to work as lookouts. Founder of the guerrilla group Abimael Guzman, alias Gonzalo, was captured in 1992, causing a division with the group. Earlier this week, Abimael Guzman, the leader of Peru's Shining Path guerrillas, was handed a second life sentence for a 1992 car bombing that killed 25 people, alongside nine fellow leaders.. The Communist Party of Peru did not boil children alive. Although the Shining Path has announced a new strategy for seizing power in anticipation of the 2021 Bicentennial, it is very unlikely that it manages to do so as it does not have the military or economic strength to do so. Check the Creative Commons website for more details of how to share our work, and please send us an email if you use an article. PCP-SL) to distinguish it from other communist parties in Peru. There is only Presidente Gonzalo and then the party," a Shining Path political officer said at a birthday celebration for Guzmn in Lurigancho prison in December 1990. A ballet dancer jailed for hiding Peru's most-wanted man in her flat has been released after 25 years in jail. imakuni1995 1 yr. ago [78] In December 2006, Peruvian troops were sent to counter renewed guerrilla activity, and according to high-level government officials, the Shining Path's strength has reached an estimated 300 members. [2] On 24 April 1985, in the midst of presidential elections, it tried to assassinate Domingo Garca Rada, the president of the Peruvian National Electoral Council, severely injuring him and mortally wounding his driver. Comisin de la Verdad y Reconciliacin. This was the first massacre committed by the Shining Path against members of a peasant community. They also engaged in "Criticism and Self-criticism", a Maoist practice intended to purge bad habits and avoid the repetition of mistakes. Share. [54] They were officially armed, usually with 12-gauge shotguns, and trained by the Peruvian Army. Sendero 's Maoist principles first begin in the 1960s with a small band of supporters and no attention from the outside world, but later emerged as the most radical and . [28] It formed a "Revolutionary Directorate" that was political and military in nature and ordered its militias to transfer to strategic areas in the provinces to start the "armed struggle". They eventually lessened the pace at which the armed forces committed atrocities such as massacres. During that year the Shining Path controlled not only Chuschi but also many other small towns and villages in the upper Pampas and farther down the valley (Isbell 1992,67). We then verify, write and edit, providing the tools to generate real impact. Since the captures of Shining Path founder Abimael Guzmn in 1992 and his successors scar Ramrez in 1999 and Comrade Artemio in 2012, the Shining Path has declined in activity. Any type of salt will work since all . 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