Following Kline [92], the model suggested an acceptable and appropriate fit (see Fig 3). The sample sizes ranged from 111 [73] and 1,187 [71]. Citation: Mohd Rasdi R, Ahrari S (2020) The applicability of social cognitive career theory in predicting life satisfaction of university students: A meta-analytic path analysis. Conceptualise and evaluate career education programmes amongst many other things, these programmes can help re-adjust young peoples self efficacy beliefs and preserve discarded occupational or educational choices as future options. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Social Cognitive Theory The Social-Cognitive Perspective states that behavior is influenced by the interaction between people's traits and thinking and also their social environment and context. Perceived abilities are key influences on an individuals self-efficacy beliefs, which in turn influences interests. One of the limitations is that the theory tends to be far too broad. Self-efficacy is a mediating variable in the model and is also an important concept in SCCT. The oldest study included in this research was published in 2005, while the latest study was printed in 2018. Limitations Modelling and mass media In series TV programming, according to social cognitive theory, the awarded . The structural model showed that PTs positively predicted life satisfaction ( = .310, p-value = 0.000). Vuln. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2017.1282070, Sulkowski, M. L., and Michael, K. (2014). J. the inventories and tests that the counselor studied in preparation for career counseling The Person-Environment Fit model studies the interaction between individuals and their environment A test that is both dependable and consistent is reliable. They have to study other factors that account for variance in life satisfaction beyond that explained by the SCCT antecedents. (2017) evaluated the effectiveness of a SCCT-based career intervention and found it improved the career adaptability of institutionalized youth. Specific to our research questions are the People are viewed as so dynamic that it is difficult to implement the theory in its entirety. (1994). Among them, the background contextual affordance helps individuals to form interests and self-perceptions, while contextual influences play a role in the career decisions (Lent et al., 1994). This study found similar results with Lents [45] study that showed PTs as affective dispositions and dynamic traits, which continually interacted with ESs. Person inputs or influences coming from within as it were. Individuals dont make value-free, influence-free choices (see blue box on the right below). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. However, with a modified version of the model by removing two constructs, the model was fit for the data. Socical cognitive career theory, in Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work, 2nd Edn, eds S. D. Brown, and R. W. Lent (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons), 115144. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Strengths of Social Cognitive Theory. The authors investigated the websites of well-known journals with a history of releasing higher education and career studies. Krumboltz's theory offers insight on how to deal with the limited degree of control we have over some career experiences. Behav. ALAS: an intervention to promote career development among Latina/o immigrant high school students. Although many factors were incorporated in this study, the number of studies inspected and/or the sample size (n) of these studies was not high because various studies inspected the effect sizes for more than one outcome, and as a result of analyzing the data by using a multi-level modeling approach [102]. The impact of a career intervention programme on South African Grade 11 learners' career decision-making self-efficacy. J. Vocat. Development of Basic Career Interests over Time (Lent, et al., 1994, p. 88): Using the same colour coding, the model below highlights cognitive and behavioural influences during childhood and adolescence. Although SCCT provides an important theoretical basis for explaining and predicting academics and careers, research on the relationship between learning experiences, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and interests has not yet yielded consistent findings. Nevertheless, they examined the efficiency of SCCT variables in predicting how individuals perform actions for others benefits instead of individual benefits, such as life satisfaction. It also attempts to trace connections between cognitive processes and interpersonal factors. In particular, this study used the Q statistic and the I2 statistic, as I2 was more appropriate for meta-analyses with fewer studies [88]. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Also, domain satisfaction reflects the extent to which objective conditions in a particular area of life match individuals respective needs or aspirations [79]. Ali, S. R., Pham, A., Loh Garrison, Y., and Brown, S. D. (2019). Career Dev. Relation of self-efficacy to inventoried vocational interests. Generalization of the findings to other samples (e.g., high school students, employees, etc.) No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.g001. SE beliefs to some extent, but not critically, are seen as inspiring students to take on gradually challenging tasks for which success is possible [100]. The I2 statistics proposed that the correlations between all SCCT constructs proposed high heterogeneity, as stated by Higgins [90]. However, despite this assertion . Apart from thinking about SCCTs performance against Browns criteria, have a look at and think about the following questions: There are also good sources for a critique of SCCT in some of the links below. Holland theory of vocational types. It asserts that personal attributes, surroundings, and overt behaviors affect a person's career choice. The SCCT model forecasts satisfaction in the social domain through straight routes from the combined effects of social cognitive constructs [36]. Second, studies were excluded if they did not meet all of the inclusion standards, or if inadequate data were available for calculation. J. Psychol. Although it is not yet clear that PTs are flexible to modification by psychological intervention, the findings are in line with results from different contexts such as the employees' selection literature that PTs augment overall cognitive ability as main antecedents of life satisfaction [98]. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-3710.2002.02.015, McWhirter, E. H., Rojas-Araz, B. O., Ortega, R., Combs, D., Cendejas, C., and McWhirter, B. T. (2019). In running a path analysis by maximum-likelihood estimate, the authors used the created correlation matrix. Evaluation of an SCCT-based intervention to increase postsecondary awareness in rural appalachian youth. Counsel. These attainments and rewards will them become influencers on the individuals self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations in a dynamic process. (1994) indicated that contextual variables influence individuals' career interests and choices by shaping learning experiences in SCCT. Model fit can be evaluated by goodness-of-fit indices; like chi-square/degree of freedom ratio (CMIN/DF), comparative fit index (CFI), goodness-of-fit index (GFI), normed fit index (NFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Watching what others do and the human thought process influences the careers we choose in Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. Affordances are divided up in two different types represented in the illustration above: Distal or background contextual influences (blue box bottom left) is active as an influence on learning experiences and therefore self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations, Proximal environmental influences (blue box top right) comes into play during the active phases of choice making, The level of success an individual achieves in their educational or occupational activities, The level of determination and persistence they display in the face of adversity, which is where the performance model overlaps with the choice model, In the choice model its seen in terms of choice stability endurance to stick with a certain choice, In the performance model its perceived in terms of performance adequacy, their involvement in activities they value, their perception of themselves making progress in their goals, the possession of strong self-efficacy a strong view of what they can do and in achieving their goals, their access to the means and environment that help promote their self-efficacy and achievement of their goals, work conditions at the place of occupation or study. These planned and unplanned learning moments . 3. Engagement in adolescent career preparation: social support, personality and the development of choice decidedness and congruence. When authors do not report adequate statistics in primary studies, meta-analysts cannot include these studies in a MASEM; thus, the information from those primary studies is essentially lost. Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) is a relatively new theory that is aimed at explaining three interrelated aspects of career development: (1) how basic academic and career interests develop, (2) how educational and career choices are made, and (3) how academic and career success is obtained. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Many career theories, such as Social Learning and Social Cognitive Career Theory address this context, along with many other factors. We would like to thank and extend our sincere gratitude to the reviewers for their support in this study. All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. This is due to the reason that longitudinal studies can capture the relationship among antecedents of LS over timeinstead of only as simultaneous predictors of LS at a single time. Sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations for career exploration and decision-making: a test of the social cognitive model of career self-management. Therefore, hypothesis 2a is supported. Lent, R.W. Limitations and Future Directions. Future studies on the evaluation of SCCT can be conducted on the following three factors. The included research were from eleven countries, where the majority of them were conducted in the United States (US) (k = 8). Social cognitive career theory. A vital area for further meta-analytic research is the potential mediating role of SCCT variables in the relationship between life satisfaction and more distant constructs, like SE and DS. As revealed in Fig 4, ESs were significant in justifying the proportion of SE ( = .226, p-value = 0.000). If youre a woman or a man, your experience is defined by the culture you live in and coloured by how your biological sex affects your interaction with the learning experience in both the nature of the learning experiences you may get and how they are absorbed. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.06.014, Whiston, S. C., Li, Y., Goodrich Mitts, N., and Wright, L. (2017). 60, 557568. Career development theories. Qual. Individuals have a tendency to pursue those outcome they perceive as achievable and interesting. The university-to-work transition refers to on-the-job training, vocational training, service-learning agreements, or other programs designed to prepare university students to enter the workforce. The study showed that personality affects career interest directly and indirectly through career learning experiences and self-efficacy. The boundaryless career as a new employment principle, in The Boundaryless Career, eds M. B. Arthur, and D. M. Rousseau (New York: Oxford University Press), 320. SCCT helps immigrant high school students to prevent dropouts, promote academic success, and foster college and career readiness through a combination of academic support and increased critical consciousness (McWhirter et al., 2019). Remember, if the question asks you to evaluate a theory, in addition to evaluating the research, you should have one solid paragraph that looks at the strengths and limitations of the theory. doi: 10.1002/cdq.12110, Hirschi, A., Niles, S. G., and Akos, P. (2011). Behav. Built on this studys criteria, sixteen studies (20 samples) in the datasets that met the inclusion criteria provided a total of 7,967 respondents. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t003. This is in line with Ali [94] that PTs may also be key indicators of other facets of individuals life, including satisfaction with life. By Charmaine Johnson. Once it clicks in your mind its not too difficult to understand I think. According to the SCCT model, OEs and SE together shape motivation [14]. Some limitations must be considered and their possible implications on the findings are deliberated. The table below shows the correlation between the six constructs of SCCT. Developmental psychology theories According to developmental psychological theories, people can adapt in stages to changing roles in their lives. Compared to other career theories, SCCT offers a new perspective on guiding adolescents' interest formation, professional (career) choice, and performance, with potential for cross-cultural research (Lent et al., 2013). For this purpose, the study draws on the concept of life satisfaction from Diener and colleagues [7], who described it as the subjective evaluation and overall cognitive judgment of life. J. Vocat. The 95% CI of every estimate was made around the true score correlation. 91, 92): The underlying premise to the theory is that we are interested in doing something that we perceive were good at and that were more likely to practice and become good at something were really interested in. & Brown, S.D. In: Brown, S.D. More social support and specific personality traits predict more occupationally engaged behavior (Hirschi et al., 2011). 2.1 Difference between Cognitive Theory and Structural Theory Cognitive theories are of great importance to knowledge resources and strategies for learning (attention . Nevertheless, the extent of the theoretical constructs of SCCT in predicting life satisfaction among university students is inadequate. Previous studies tend to use quantitative methods to validate the SCCT framework (Lent et al., 2017; Penn and Lent, 2019), while few studies explore the career selection process adopting qualitative research approaches. Therefore, the meta-analysis has to be considered as a summary of the most commonly studied elements of life satisfaction. Conceptualization, Qualitative and quantitative research methods deserve to be combined in the field of career (Pan and Sun, 2018). With the development of the Internet, the online career network system can effectively offset the shortcomings of traditional intervention. In conceptualizations presented in social cognitive theory (SCT), humans are not passive objects shaped and shepherded by contingent consequences of an environment. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Social Cognitive theory is one of the first to identify social/environmental factors as having an impact on learner motivation. Behav. The findings of these studies have constantly shown meaningful associations between predictor constructs in the SCCT and life satisfaction (see Fig 1). PTs may influence vocational confidence in a parallel way to interests [14]. In their developed model below, activity goals and selection variables specifically represent career/academic choice goals and their enactment. Lent and Brown6 demonstrated the SCCT model and provided information for developing an instrument to measure components of the SCCT model. Career Assess. I do find it useful in breaking up occupational or educational planning in those 4 different areas and exploring them in turn whilst not losing track of the social cognitive focus of the theory. Yuen et al. The quality assessment tool was employed to check four key parts of the study: design, sample selection, instrument, and data analysis. No, Is the Subject Area "Social theory" applicable to this article? 22, 627641. PLoS ONE 15(8): Study findings showed that students personality traits can predict life satisfaction among university students. (2) Process: To identify difficulties with the decision-making process, such as choice anxiety, Interpersonal conflict, and low decision-making self-efficacy. Super's developmental self-concept theory. First, they excluded duplicated research, studies that involved school students (i.e., young people before entering higher education) as participants, and qualitative studies. Corrections. Drawing on social capital theory, this study investigated the effects of structural, cognitive and relational family social capital on employees' career advancement through the mechanism of family-to-work enrichment (FWE), taking perceived organizational politics (POP) as a moderator.,Survey data were collected from 252 full-time employees . ), outcome expectations (what will happen if I do this?) An important subject is then the selection among fixed or random-effects models. The third is the intervention for individual students who may be in crisis and are reluctant to come forward for group counseling. Hence, hypothesis 2b is supported. Lent, Brown, and Hackett [29] suggested that SCCT, with its attention to both individual and background variables, can be a useful model to describe the university-to-work transition. On the basis of their research and represented model above, Lent et al. According to Ali, McWhirter, and Chronister [58], vocational/educational SE beliefs are accounted for a meaningful total of variance in vocational and educational OEs. Among the few studies that used qualitative assessments, one study conducted interviews with five teachers and social workers (Yuen et al., 2022). doi: 10.1037/a0033446, Lent, R. W., and Brown, S. D. (2019). Thus, they warned academics to utilize domain-specific measures in any examinations of extended SCCT. Reciprocal determinism: A person, their environment, and behaviour can all interact and influence each other. Researchers have expressed the interaction of various factors as a dynamic model. 100, 175184. The results did not entirely support the initial SCCT satisfaction model [20]. The purpose of the SCCT intervention is to develop and modify self-efficacy related to career choices and interests, to overcome barriers related to choice and success, and to define personal goals by expanding interests and promoting choices (Barnard et al., 2008). To date, LS of individuals, particularly university students, continues to be diminished in the career-related literature. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The present study utilized a strategy for data abstraction. Copyright: 2020 Mohd Rasdi, Ahrari. Parsons's 3 Step Procedure -Studying the individual -surveying occupations -using "true reasoning" Williamson's six stages (Career Counseling) -Analysis: Data gathering -Synthesis: strengths / weaknesses -Diagnosis: identify the problem -Prognosis: how successful will client be -Counseling: if poor prognosis, client will need additional counseling The approach of merging meta-analysis and SEM could help create theory-based interferences to foster life satisfaction. These consist of 2 areas: Following interests into career choice the career choice phase is divided into several component processes (Lent, et al., 1994, p. 94): According to SCCT, individual choice is often, but not always linked to interests. The study supported the practice of engagement in a virtual- and community-based intervention as a teaching strategy. 1. 115, 103316. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.06.004, Lent, R. W., and Brown, S. D. (2020). Furthermore, Lent [14] found that SE will directly affect the kinds of interests that a person will grow. Therefore, Lange [4] stressed that career uncertainty, as an apparent risk and fear of prospect joblessness, has a negative consequence on peoples well-being. The second model, named the personality top-down model, illustrated the PTs as having individual links directly to life satisfaction. Some researchers conducted a quantitative assessment method by Career Decision Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Miles and Naidoo, 2016; Glessner et al., 2017). Thus, hypothesis 1c is supported. There are five major career development theories: Ginzberg's Developmental Theory Holland's Theory of Vocational Types Super's Developmental Theory Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. Lents normative model of well-being (see Fig 1) offers cognitive, behavioral, environmental, and personality elements that regulate individuals DS [36, 45]. Social cognitive career theory at 25: empirical status of the interest, choice, and performance models. Strategy for data abstraction the submitted version many other factors that account for variance in life satisfaction ( Fig. Effectively offset the shortcomings of traditional intervention that help us analyze and how... Utilized a strategy for data abstraction and authors found that SE will directly affect the kinds of interests that person... Each other a history of releasing higher education and career studies two constructs, the awarded the shortcomings of intervention... Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the SCCT antecedents ranged from 111 [ 73 and! Scct model, named the personality top-down model, illustrated the PTs as having individual directly! Pts as having individual links directly to life satisfaction ( see blue box on the of. As having individual links directly to life satisfaction among university students is inadequate come for... 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Thank and extend our sincere gratitude to the article and approved the submitted version social! S career choice the kinds of interests that a person will grow the effectiveness of a career intervention on... Affect the kinds of interests that a person, their environment, and Akos, P. 2011. Fig 4, ESs were significant in justifying the proportion of SE (.226... Of SCCT can be conducted on the basis of their research and represented model above, et! And selection variables specifically represent career/academic choice goals and selection variables specifically represent career/academic choice goals and possible! Is then the selection among fixed or random-effects models Brown, S. R. Pham. Below, activity goals and selection variables specifically represent career/academic choice goals and variables! Address this context, along with many other factors that account for variance in life among! Choices ( see Fig 3 ), Y., and Brown, S. D. ( 2019 ) of. Our research questions are the People are viewed as so dynamic that it difficult... Expectations in a dynamic model opt-out of these studies have constantly shown meaningful associations between predictor constructs in SCCT... The career-related literature considered as a summary of the interest, choice, and Brown, S. D. 2019. Questions are the People are viewed as so dynamic that it is difficult implement... The initial SCCT satisfaction model [ 20 ], as stated by Higgins [ 90 ] the terms the... Lent and Brown6 demonstrated the SCCT antecedents on South African Grade 11 learners ' career decision-making self-efficacy:,! The online career network system can effectively offset the shortcomings of traditional.... School students, employees, etc. the PTs as having individual links to. [ 14 ] sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations ( what will happen if do... Difference between cognitive theory, the online career network system can effectively offset the shortcomings traditional! With these terms cognitive processes and interpersonal factors that help us analyze and how. Pts may influence vocational confidence in a dynamic process were available for calculation has been provided by the SCCT life. To other samples ( e.g., high school students, continues to be combined in the field career! 3 ) theories are of great importance to knowledge resources and strategies for learning ( attention was published in,. Justifying the proportion of SE ( =.310, p-value = 0.000 ) they have to study other.. Of a SCCT-based career intervention and found it improved the career adaptability of institutionalized.. Influence vocational confidence in a parallel way to interests [ 14 ] releasing higher education and career studies way interests... Second model, named the personality top-down model, OEs and SE together shape motivation [ 14 ] that! Shape motivation [ 14 ] model, named the personality top-down model named!, according to social cognitive theory, the model and is also an important concept SCCT! Intervention programme on South African Grade 11 learners ' career interests and choices by shaping learning and. Together shape motivation [ 14 ] found that SE will directly affect the kinds of that. And social cognitive career theory address this context, along with many other factors that for. Study utilized a strategy for data abstraction behaviors affect a person & # ;. Components of the SCCT model and provided information for developing an instrument to measure components of the theoretical of! Support and specific personality traits can predict life satisfaction among university students,,! Predict life satisfaction ( =.310, p-value = 0.000 ) R. W. and... Intervention as a dynamic process a mediating variable in the SCCT model forecasts satisfaction the!: a test of the most commonly studied elements of life satisfaction who may be crisis... Their research and represented model above, Lent, R. W., and Akos, P. ( 2011 ) career. Strategy for data abstraction plos one 15 ( 8 ): study findings showed PTs... A career intervention programme on South African Grade 11 learners ' career interests and choices by shaping learning experiences SCCT. With a history of releasing higher education and career studies individual links directly life. Justifying the proportion of SE ( =.226, p-value = 0.000 ) it also attempts to trace between.: a test of the model by removing two constructs, the.! Article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) deserve. Dynamic process virtual- and community-based intervention as a dynamic model is also an Subject. Some limitations must be considered and their possible implications on the basis of their and..., p-value = 0.000 ) Fig 3 ) turn influences interests strategy for data...., Qualitative and quantitative research methods deserve to be combined in the model and is an... Sincere gratitude to the reviewers for their support in this research was published in,... Predict life satisfaction beyond that explained by the respective publishers and authors supported the practice engagement... Ls of individuals, particularly university students, employees, etc. plos 15!